Dorothy E. Smith - 1454 Words

Dorothy Edith Smith â€Å"Feminist Standpoint Theory and Institutional Ethnography† 1926- Dorothy E. Smith was born in North England in 1926. Dorothy E. Smith has lived a long life and commonly refers to it as â€Å"a long time ago and another world†. According to Smith, she has grown from the young woman to now due to several experiences. Smith has been employed in many different capacities such as a secretary and a clerk. In her Mid-twenties, she worked at a book publishing company. Smith attempted to make a career in the publishing field, but soon realized women were not welcomed or respected. Due to the disappointing job prospects, Smith decided to enroll in college. She was accepted to the London School of Economics and achieved a†¦show more content†¦Smith began her journey of reconstructing the ideology of sociology of the feminine perspective at the University of British Columbia. She attributes most of her transformation of perspective to the women educators at the university at the time; Annette Kolodny, Helga Jacobson, and Meredith Kimball, as well as the 70s and 60s women’s movement. The women and women’s movement helped her to recognize the need for change in sociological perspective of women, for which it had previously been constructed by men. Through this recognition she began to centralize her work around her personal experience in the roles of a mother and housewife. While she centralized her perspective at the University of British Columbia, it was at the same time she rediscovered the ideology of Karl Marx. She said that while attending the London School of Economics she had learned the teachings of his work with a distorted interpretation. Smith was influenced by Marx’s writings due to the notion of his ideology about politics and the ideas and images of the ruling class and how they become the dominant ones in our culture because the people ruling also own the productive apparatus of society. Beginning to hone in her construct of analysis Smith began developing her work and writings with the concrete actualities of the everyday women. Smith’s formulation of this of work was the â€Å"Women’s experience as a radical critique of sociology†.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Edward Burghardt, Du Bois And Dorothy E. Smith Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pagesthey are a part of what is known as the dominant group. There are a few theoriest who have used their platform (which they had to work hard for) to discuss important social issues. Two of the few are William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B) Du bois and Dorothy E. Smith. Although they faced different challenges and have faced different forms of discrimination, we can see how both of their theories are very similar (and somewhat different) from one another. Because of them, we are able to think about the realRead MoreGender Discrimination : Women s Rights Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pageswomen face daily merely for their gende r (Morabito 2016). Arlie Russell Hochschild and Dorothy E. Smith are two female sociologists that are relevant to the gender inequality issue and both are introduced in the textbook Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory (Appelrouth and Edles 2016). Both of these sociologist’s work includes women and their role in society (Appelrouth and Edles 2016). Dorothy Smith believed that sociology was in a way ironic because during her time it was mostly men sociologistsRead MoreEthics in Counseling1333 Words   |  6 Pagescounselor. This is taken direct from the text: Dorothy, age 23, seeks counseling from Gerald, an LPC in private practice. Her goal is to work through issues related to the sexual abuse by her stepfather that she had endured when she was a child. After 2 months of counseling, Gerald initiates a sexual relationship with Dorothy. He rationalizes his behavior by telling himself that she can benefit from having a â€Å"healthy† sexual relationship. Dorothy feels guilty, confused, and isolated by this betrayalRead MoreGender Theory And Standpoint Theory1719 Words   |  7 Pagesstandpoint theory. The one main person that helped develop standpoint theory was Dorothy E. Smith. She was born in Great Britain in 1926. She worked as a secretary at a publishing company before she decided to try to get a better job by getting a college degree. â€Å"She began college at the London School of Economics in 1951, and she received her bachelor’s degree in sociology from the London School of Economics in 1955† (Feminist). Sm ith says that although her years at Berkeley were in many ways the unhappiestRead MoreBibliography of Entrepreneurship781 Words   |  4 PagesGovernance. Reissue edition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP,2007 * Reinhardt, Forest. Down to Earth. Harvard Business School Press, 2000. * Shulman, J. and T. Stallkamp. Getting Bigger by Growing Smaller. Prentice Hall Financial Times, 2003. * Smith, Bucklin and Associates. The Complete Guide to Nonprofit Management. 2nd edition. Wiley, 2000. * Southwick, K. Silicon Gold Rush. Wiley, 1999. * Spinelli, S., Birley, S. and R. Rosenberg. Franchising: Pathway to Wealth. Prentice Hall-FinancialRead MoreEssay about blaw 24788 Words   |  20 Pagescontract to change that. 22 2. Smith, having contracted to sell to Beyer thirty tons of described fertilizer, shipped to Beyer by carrier thirty tons of fertilizer, which he stated conformed to the contract. Nothing was stated in the contract as to time of payment, but Smith demanded payment as a condition of handing over the fertilizer to Beyer. Beyer refused to pay unless he were given the opportunity to inspect the fertilizer. Who is correct? Explain. Smith is correct because Beyer contractedRead MoreOlympics And The Cold War1657 Words   |  7 Pagesterritory and is able to survive and play again. Since sports in society are extremely popular, a triumphant Olympic athlete or team could become an instant celebrity. Over the years, successful Olympians such as Jesse Owens, Mark Spitz, Bruce Jenner, Dorothy Hamill and the Dream Team in 1992, have become iconic and revered in our society (Irwin). They could receive lucrative endorsement deals from multinational companies, like Wheaties, McDonalds, Gatorade or Coca Cola. These companies will hire successfulRead MoreDormitory1067 Words   |  5 Pagescollege in an effort to ease the situation. Some early pioneers in that venture include Aileen Haynes, Norman Iverson, George and Betty Sybrant, Vic Bryant, Aubrey Foster, Elmer Morris, Vera Tipton, Ethel Young, Walt and Ruth Fesler, Bruce and Dorothy Smith, Chuck Dumenil and Fern Culmer. And when Dr. Nelson and his wife Lu discovered th at it was next to impossible for non-resident African American students to find housing, the Nelsons purchased a house at 215 N. Fifth St. to rent to all students:Read MoreThe American Of American Literature1425 Words   |  6 Pagesour daily life and fight for them†.- New bold Morris. Originally Lula Carson Smith, Carson McCullers were born on February 19, 1917, in Columbus, Georgia. Her Mother’s grandfather was a planter and confederate was a hero. Her father was a watchmaker and jeweler of French Huguenot descent. From the age of ten she took piano lessons; when she was fifteen her father gave her a typewriter to encourage her story writing. Smith graduated from Columbus High School. On September 1934, at age 17, she leftRead MoreSalem Witch Trials Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagespresent-day Beverly. Middleton, Topsfield, Wenham and Manchester-by-the-Sea, too, were once parts of Salem.† (Wikipedia) â€Å"Salem Village was a poor, inland agricultural community that remained legally part of Salem Town but had its own church.† (Maier, Smith, Keyssar, Kevles, 2006.) Later, in 1684 England declared that the colonies may not self govern, therefore, must still follow English law. The settlers of Salam Village were Puritans also called Congregationalists. The Puritan theology included

Swot Analysis The Swot - 2217 Words

SWOT Analysis Adam Cash American Intercontinental University Abstract The SWOT analysis tool is utilized to adequately evaluate and make the necessary improvements towards the overall operations of the organization with the hopes of creating distinguishable traits as opposed to other organizations within the market. This is often times referred to as an internal- external analysis that assesses strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization. The SWOT framework can assist an organization by distinguishing it from competitors and improved market success and assist with creating an organizational strategic plan. Healthcare is an area where the SWOT framework and analysis is currently being used, primarily due to recent changes in healthcare and to improve patient outcomes as well as financial sustainability. Comanche County Medical Center is a healthcare center that will be evaluated using the SWOT analysis and the outcomes revealed. Introduction The letters SWOT in the analysis are a contracted form of the words strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat. A SWOT analysis is used for understanding strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats within an organization. After evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, an organization is able to uncover opportunities and assist with managing and eliminating threats otherwise not visible. The SWOT being discussed in the paper is one associated with a healthcare facility. The healthcareShow MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Swot And Swot Analysis738 Words   |  3 Pagesknown as SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is business analysis method that business can use for each of its department when deciding on the most perfect way to increase their business and future growth. This procedure identifies the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are in the markets. SWOT analysis helps you decide your position against your competitors, identifies best future opportunities, and highlight current and future threats. SWOT analysis is an acronymRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot1223 Words   |  5 PagesOnStar – SWOT Analysis To help OnStar determine if home monitoring services should be added to its list of products and services, a SWOT analysis should be completed. A SWOT analysis is a situation analysis or tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (SWOT Analysis Definition | Investopedia, 2005). Thus, it is a basic straightforward model that determines what an organization, like OnStar, can and cannot do, as well as determines its opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot2320 Words   |  10 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis, which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selectedRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, we‘ll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we don’t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot911 Words   |  4 Pages SWOT Analysis In the article â€Å"SWOT analysis† Harmon (2015) offered a definition for SWOT analysis, the purpose of the SWOT analysis, the advantages of performing a SWOT analysis, and outlined and discussed the four components of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a planning and brainstorming tool that helps people evaluate an idea or project for a business or formulate a business plan (Harmon, 2015). It should be noted that SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1371 Words   |  6 Pages SWOT analysis is valuable in understanding and revising the position of the company before decisions are made about company direction or the application of a new business idea. PEST is a tool to assess external factors. It is useful to complete a PEST analysis before a SWOT, although it may be more useful to complete a PEST analysis during, or after, a SWOT. SWOT and PEST are vital in determining the success of a business. SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis in which internal strengthsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1957 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selected marketsRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words   |  7 Pages A SWOT analysis is â€Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.†(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a person’s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot852 Words   |  4 PagesStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, commonly known as a SWOT analysis is used by businesses. Organizations use the SWOT analysis technique to figure out and understand their areas of strong suits (strengths), their inevitable flaws (weaknesses), prospects that the organization could look into (opportunities) and things that pose as intimidations to the organization (threats). There are many obstacles to overcome when it comes to international expansion. Obstacles such as; language andRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe SWOT analysis, a strategic planning tool was developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Albert is said to have come up with this strategic planning tool through the use of data the Fortune 500 companies in the United States of America at that time (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). A SWOT analysis determine s the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are a relevant part of any organization especially the ones that get involved in new ventures. This tool assists the users

Perspectives on adult and worker’s education Free Essays

The ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. Authors appear in agreement that workers and adult education must be embedded in society’s institutional frameworks that reduce their dependence but leverages economic development. It is the view of this paper that social democracy perspective is a better model because it strongly relies on institutionalization of workers adult education; a factor that largely provides them with a raised ground for competing with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives on adult and worker’s education or any similar topic only for you Order Now A strong evaluation of social democracy and neo-liberalism perspectives as well as how the two have shaped adult and workers education is further provided. Finally, a personal preference on the perspectives is outlined. Social democracy perspective According to Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007), social democracy is an evolutionary perspective that has taken long to define and re-fit in different contexts. From a classic political spectrum, it can be considered a centre-left concept assuming a reformist socialism model. Consequently, it takes a gradual outlook in establishing a socialist mode of economy. At this point, social democracy should be seen to consist of two main building factors; democracy and socialism. First, it entails embracing values in the society, upholding freedom, and most importantly equity. People are directly involved in making decisions either directly or indirectly through their elected leaders. Unlike in neo-liberalism, Sullivan (2003) argues that democracy is a strong down-top management in a broad pyramidal model with no discrimination at any level. Socialism, on the other hand involves common ownership and planning based on institutions. Therefore, work by the people and society as a whole is considered central towards advancing independence and economic development. Social democracy in adult and workers’ education as Sullivan (2003) outlines reflect values that seek to create a highly enlightened community as a whole. Ingvar and Anne-Marie (2007) explain that social democracy reference to institutions greatly centralizes and harmonizes control and accessibility of services to the community. In New Zealand, the government took a bold shift from the competitive model in adult education to a social democratic one which created faster and better access especially to the working community (McLaughlin, 2003). One cannot fail to mention the essential role that social democracy has brought in essential services such as health and development in different regions. United States highly ranked democratic ideals and access to services by all is linked to effective representation and prioritization brought about by social democracy. Neo-liberalism perspective Neo-liberalism is an ideology with a wide and a highly changing orientation in different levels. Green (2003) argues that this ideology is a construct from classical economic theories which seek to empower private and individuals in leveraging economic development. Proponents of this view believe that through privatization the society is able to invoke higher levels and quality of services delivery to the society through market competition. Unlike it is currently known that key services such as education and healthcare are a prerogative of central government, neo-liberalism shifts their constitution and provision to private ownership. Moss (2008) notes in his publication that neo-liberalism is strongly entrenched on consideration of demand and supply of various services being provided. Though it was held as a strong factor within which both individual people and private entities would gather efforts to build competitive advantages in bid to win the market, Green (2003) argues that essential services with low demand may acutely lack in the community. Upon this realization, Moss (2008) adds that governments have evaded operating on a pure neo-liberal point of view to a mixed model which seeks to emphasize on individual competiveness and institutional progress. A Marxist operation is further employed to optimize outputs on effectual demand. This perspective further calls for optimization of technology and incentives as essential optimization forces. How these ideological perspectives have shaped adult and workers’ education and training Over the years, adult and worker’s education in different nations have taken varied perspectives with differing success rates. However, though selection of these perspectives and application in other areas such as industrial production appear easy, scholars remain highly divided over which one is better in adult and workers’ education. From a social democracy point of view, Sutch (1966) notes that adult and workers education is run non-competitively. Sutch (1966) further points out that a competitive model is highly restrictive and operates in a colonial model. Consequently, only a few people who have the resources would be able to access education in a competitive consideration. New Zealand strongly shifted to social democracy which gave the government full control of adult and workers education that strongly promoted access and encouraged more elderly people to further education. Williams (1980) strongly argued that adult and workers’ population constituted an important number in England which could be used to leverage development in the country at the height of the Cold War. Notably, with many people limited by resources availability as they worked in the low paying changing industries, advancing the dream of uniting Europe was at stake. In this case, the government introduced short two year courses that could allow adults and workers access to university degrees. Besides, open learning and recreational courses facilitated by the government made it possible to learn even after work and at night with or without qualifications (Alcock, Erskine and May, 2003). However, it is critical that social democracy is indirectly linked and partially shaped by the market forces to invoke the sense of high quality. In his publication, Green (2003) cites Neo-liberalism, as the main concept with ability to invoke high creativity and innovations in the 21st century. Upton (1986) further suggests that any education model that lacks direct market touch as a roadmap to failure. Neo-liberalism therefore creates a direct link between the market requirements and what the education offers. It is from this perspective’s application that Canaan and Shumar (2008) reports of the ability to tap young minds and entrenching them in the economic development demand that saw Japan strongly develop its industrial capacity. However, the workers and adults were greatly disadvantaged taking into consideration that they formed a significant proportion of the population. It is from this realization that largely saw New Zealand shift from a Neo-Liberalism approach to a social democratic orientation outlook (Holford, Jarvis and Griffin, 1998). As indicated earlier, many states are currently undergoing key restructuring as they seek to assume either a neo-liberal or social democratic perspective. However, as New Zealand experienced between 1980 and 1990 when it was shifting from a neo-liberal orientation to a social democratic perspective, McLaughlin (2003) emphasizes on the need for intrinsic understanding of either perspective for smooth running transition. Personal preferences on how adult and workers’ education should be shaped Adult population in the society must be seen as a viable force with great potential to leverage economic development in a country or economic region. As a result, any perspective driving their education system must be value driven with focus on empowerment. In her view, McLaughlin (2003) explains that though it is true that adult education lack long term advantages compared to the younger developing population, it remains a very critical factor in economic progression; reducing dependence and supporting higher quality development. It is from this consideration that social democracy in this paper is viewed to be superior in seeking to empower more workers and adult population in the community. It came out from the discussion placing workers and adults on the same learning platform with younger population set then at a losing end as they lack the ability to effectively compete. A social democracy perspective therefore gives them an important and elevated ground to sharpen their skills and leverage production in their areas of work. As McLaughlin (2003) conclusion and Alcock (003) argument indicate the Marxist perspective of neo-liberalism is indeed a scaring factor to the older generation. However, social democracy is both a strengthening factor and encouragement to the workers both socially and in their areas of work. By creating a platform for improvement leveraged by the government, the quality of work from them is anchored while the economy is expanded. Conclusion It is from the above discussion that this paper concludes by supporting the thesis statement, ‘the ability to enhance higher literacy levels to adults and workers in the society forms a major step towards improved development and greater production at different levels of the society. ’ The difference of the two perspectives came out to be strongly rooted in their mode of application. While social democracy is strongly people driven through democratic representation in institutional frameworks, neo-liberalism was found to be highly capitalistic. Social democracy was further found to have a broader capacity to support adult and workers education because they are encouraged and supported to support their immediate experiences. However, neo-liberalism perspective’s strong market orientation was found to not only scare adults and workers in pursuing education, but failed to invoke the needed incentives. It is therefore imperative that states and governments assume a social democracy orientation in leveraging their adult and worker’s education. How to cite Perspectives on adult and worker’s education, Papers

Marketing Entry Strategy International Expansion

Question: Discuss about the case study Marketing Entry Strategy for International Expansion. Answer: Introduction Corporations expand markets by use of various strategies, expansion can be domestic or it can be international in nature(Dev, 2007). International expansion can be achieved through multiple ways of distributorship, exporting, licensing, joint ventures, franchising and wholly-owned subsidiary. Some of the international expansion strategies are direct whereas others are indirect, each strategy has its own benefit and fallout. But corporations expanding directly internationally face several challenges which needs to be overcome. The report is regarding Rigel Technology which is a Singapore based company dealing with bathroom fittings and related products. The company wants to expand overseas into India hence is evaluating the various possible challenges and methods that can be adopted. India offers immense potential for expansion due to its demographics and robust population, it has a large consumer market and a rapid growing urban sector with real estate developments(Meyer, 2009). Company Introduction Rigel Technology (S) Pte limited is a Singapore based company set up in the year 1991. The company manufactures eco-friendly bathroom solutions based on latest technology in order to efficiently manage resources like water(Rigel, 2016). Rigel Technologies is a pioneer manufacturer of Sensor Sanitary Wares which enables water efficiency and advocacy in green building. There are three main categories of sensor valves produced flush valves for urinals and toilets, flow control valves for faucets. These valves are considered more hygienic in comparison to manually operated valves. The companys research and developmental facility is set up in Singapore itself, the company has marketing office in Malaysia and manufacturing plant in Luzhou and Ningbo in China. The company is present in Singapore, Malaysia, China, Vietnam, Indonesia and is currently planning to expand to India. Challenges of International Entry Rigel Technologies is trying to expand its operations to India with its diversified range of products. the sensor sanitary wares that the company is trying to promote in the Indian markets might encounter major challenges. India offers immense potential for expansion but there are certain challenges that the company needs to overcome in order to successfully establish its business operations. Some of the prominent challenges that the company might face in India are; Government: India is a democratic country with a stable government. The political structure in India is suitable for establishing businesses as norms and regulations are well laid down by means of various acts and rules. However, the country political bodies have high level of political interference in businesses(Singh, 2006). Especially in foreign business set-up there is immense bureaucratic control and discrepancies due to which many large venture have failed to establish their operation in the country. Rigel needs to apply proper channels for entering India such that it is successfully able to operate in the country. Social Cultural: India has a divide amongst the urban and its rural sector which is quite large. Though their has been significant shift from rural to urban population yet a major part of the countrys population is rural based. The urban population have adopted westernized styles and methods but rural India lags way behind in this field. In terms of sanitization certain parts of the countrys population have access to healthy sanitation and bathroom facilities(Kumar, 2006). Rigel needs to form its target market such that it is able to sell its products aptly. The concept of flush valves is relatively unknown in the major market segment and the company might face major barriers in marketing them. Competitors: India has a large numbers of competitors in terms of bathroom fittings and sanitary fittings. There are large small and medium scale enterprises in entire country that caters to its own niche segment. The large payers in the bathroom fittings and sanitary wares market are Jaquar, Grohe, Bharat Impex and so on. Rigel needs to adopt a suitable strategy such that it is able to establish a competitive edge in the country(Tej Adidam, 2012). But very few companies are offering sensor sanitary ware which will allow the company to have an advantage over its competitors. Recommendation Rigel Technologies in order to establish their business in India needs to overcome its existing challenges such that it is able to successfully achieve a competitive edge in the market. The following recommendations will enable the company to overcome the challenges faced in the markets of India. Rigel Technologies need to overcome governmental and political barriers, by applying for permission to operate in a legitimate manner. The company needs to adapt to the various norms, requisites and demands as laid down by the Chambers of Commerce for foreign operators. The company needs to maintain its motivation levels and follow the stages for application appropriately without ruling out any procedure. Rigel Technologies needs to design its products and solutions that can fit in the Indian scenario. Though the urban areas of the country where bathroom fittings are mostly used are at par with global standards but the fittings sizes needs to be appropriately designed and formed by the company such that local plumbers are able to fit them. Rigel Technologies can introduce its sensor sanitary ware products ata later stage of entering the Indian markets. Rigel needs to innovate new products that match the Indian markets, this will enable the company establish a competitive edge. Initially the company can export its products to Indian markets at a low price. The exported products from China will be generating considerable market for its products and at a low cost, as cost of production in China is relatively low. The company can introduce the sensor sanitary wares in the market which will provide it with an edge over competitors. This will enable the company create a substantial market and establish core competency in Indian market, the company will also be able to make its brand presence felt through this technique. Entry Mode Rigel can enter India through the various entry modes available, but it needs to select the mode that aptly can be suited for the company. The various entry modes available to the company are exporting, distributorship, licensing, franchising, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiary. The company can initially enter Indian markets by exporting its products to the country through a reliable distributor(Cavusgil, 2014). Post the company sees a market for its product in the country it can select joint venture mode of entry where it will search a company with which it can collaborate. Through joint venture mode of entry the company will have significant learning of the Indian markets, consumer lifestyles, their demographics, choice of products and so on. Once the learning curve in Indian market is completed for Rigel Technology, it can strategies to form a wholly owned subsidiary in India(Demirbag, 2010). References Cavusgil, S. K. (2014). International business. Retrieved from https://www.prenhall.com/behindthebook/0131738607/pdf/CKR_Why_We_Wrote_This_Book.pdf: Pearson Australia. Demirbag, M. M. (2010). Perceptions of institutional environment and entry mode. Management International Review, Retrieved fromhttps://raijmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/3_16-21-Shilpa-Garg.pdf, 50(2), 207-240. Dev, C. B. (2007). Global brand expansion how to select a market entry strategy. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Retrieved fromhttps://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1769context=articles, 48(1), 13-27. Kumar, R. a. (2006). Doing business in India. Retrieved from https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781403967527: Palgrave Macmillan. Meyer, K. E. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic management journal, Retrieved from https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/4217/1/Institutions,_resources_and_entry_strategies_(LSERO).pdf, 30(1), 61-80. Rigel, T. (2016). https://www.rigel.com.sg. Accessed on 25th July 2016. Singh, N. a. (2006). Political economy of federalism in India. OUP Catalogue, Retrieved from https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:--9chrhSpNMJ:https://www.cesifo-group.de/portal/page/portal/968433589D2C0D9FE04400144FAFBA7C+cd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=in. Tej Adidam, P. B. (2012). Competitive intelligence and firm's performance in emerging markets: an exploratory study in India. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, Retrieved from https://www.indus.edu.pk/publication/Publication-3.pdf, 27(3), 242-254.

GECON 200 Essay Example

GECON 200 Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on GECON 200 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on GECON 200 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on GECON 200 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer GECON 200 Torre, Pablo. Indianapolis will bid to host 2018 Super Bowl. Sports Illustrated. July 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012.The City of Indianapolis struggled to clinch the hosting of the 2018 Super Bowl tournament amid renewed economic and public relations scandals and controversies. The city had hosted previous Super Bowl competitions but due to economic problems, had lost the qualifications to do so over a period of three years. Led by the Mayor Greg Ballard, the city expressed their interest in presenting a formal bid on Wednesday amid cheers from different stakeholders such as organizers who assisted in the planning of the February 5th games and other events leading up to it. The financial benefit that was expected from hosting the Super Bowl reached up to $152 million in direct economic impacts and other related benefits.The Mayor made an approximate that around 84 cents in every dollar for the tournament stayed in Indianapolis. A study on the economic impact of clinching t he tender to host the 2018 Super Bowl estimated that over 100,000 visitors would grace the city within the ten days before the games begun and over 200,000 visitors during the course of the tournament. The host committee chairperson Mark Miles said in a separate comment that corporate donations had exceeded $ 1.8 million that would be allocated to the games in 2018.Retrieved from http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/football/nfl/07/18/indianapolis-super-bowl-2018-bid.ap/index.htmlFitzpatrick Dan Kapner Suzanne. Big Banks Prepare another Round of Cuts. Wall Street Journal. July 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012.The Wall Street Journal ran an article on the proposed budget and expenditure cuts aimed at banks and other financial institutions. Global financial companies were preparing for downsizing programmes in the wake of unstable markets, shaky stock prices and skewed economic growth. Led by Credit Suisse Group AG and Bank Of America Corp., the drive to introduce new cost c uts was much later taken up by Citigroup and other financial institutions. Most notably was Goldman Sachs who made an outright admission that the economic times were dire and downsizing was critical to survival. Canadian biggest banks also took an inspection of the different ways in which their expenses could be lowered in the preparation of slower growth and profit margins. Analysis done by experts such as John Aiken predicted the grappling situation by most international banks needed a quick intervention which downsizing could easily offer. The head-count reduction was however not considered the first option that most banks had. Aiken mentioned that some banks were looking into fiscal measures such as altering their variable compensation structures to defer payments rather than cutting jobs.Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444097904577535180303693776.html?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTWhatsNewsCollection#articleTabs%3DarticleFareed Zakaria Tax and Spend. Times Magazin e. July 23, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012.The issue of job creation featured in an article on Times Magazine on Monday that signaled the lower rates of job creation that were beginning to be acceptable by the populace. Over the month of June, around 80, 000 jobs were created which showed a slowing down in the economic recovery of USA. The past recessions were always accompanied by a spring back that featured growth in the employment rates. However, the rate of employment after recessions has been on a receding trend. In the 19th century, jobs were available in less than fifteen months of climbing out of recessions. However, in the 20th century, this period tended to stretch up to 39 months.Currently, the Times put the employment availability period after the 2008 recession at sixty months. This information was seconded by a study done by McKinsey. Fareed, in the article, attributed this phenomenon to two major forces: globalization and the spread of the Information Age. These two factors were cited as being responsible for the economic growth for many previously third world countries in Asia and South America. They have also expanded the economic activities within America. The downside to the impact that these two forces had was that they made it easier for capital-intensive economic growth that made wageworkers a last resort within America.Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2119336,00.htmlRandall W. Forsyth. The Euro’s Fate Barrons. July 14th 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012.Amid the recent events happening in Europe particularly the elections in Greece, the economic recession and the European Union leaders summit, the announcement by Airbus to establish its first production firm in the U.S. was perhaps the most surprising and intriguing. This was the first sign that the economic crisis that plagued Europe had finally begun taking its toll on domestic companies. In following the footsteps of BMW and Mercedes-Benz , Airbus was not only running away from the harsh economic conditions but also the waning power of the Euro. The best solution to aid the rising unemployment rates and deficits in growth would be through monetary reflation. By lowering the bar to have a cheaper Euro, Europe would still be able to retain its competitiveness in the international financial arena, end its debt crisis and salvage the Euro in one move. This proposed solution had been applied earlier in the last decade with excellent results that bolstered the rate from $1.60 to around $1.22. Debasing the Euro may therefore be the best solution that Europe has in surviving the tough economic times.Retrieved from http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111904184504577519232109403716.html?mod=BOL_hpp_cover#articleTabs_article%3D1Dean Hoff Meyer. Capital One repays consumers to end card probe. Richmond Times Dispatch. July 19, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012Capital One was on Monday compelled to compensate its cus tomers over $120 million over federal charge claims that it tricked its shareholder into overspending on add-on services like credit monitoring and payment protection. Richmond’s largest private employer faced a charge against them presented by the court that had violated the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Act that was created to protect consumers from exploitative companies having hidden exorbitant fees. A large chunk of the compensation by Capital One was expected to go directly to the consumers. The McLean branch of Capital One was reported to have paid up to $150 million to consumers, $35 million to the Comptroller’s Office and $ 25 million to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.Richard Cordray, the director at Consumer Financial Protection Bureau commented in a press conference over the Capital One issue by saying that such problems were not isolated to Capital One and that he expected other companies to follow the same trend in compensating gullible cu stomers who were unfairly taxed or coerced out of their money. A representative at the Clear Point Credit Counseling Services also pointed out that there were no requirements for consumers to add services to qualify for loans or credit.Retrieved from http://www2.timesdispatch.com/business/news/2012/jul/19/tdmain01-capital-one-repays-consumers-to-end-card–ar-2067611/Edward Wyatt. Despite Stronger Financial System, Report Cites Threats to U.S. Market Stability. New York Times. July 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012 Among the biggest threats to the stability in the American financial markets was the uncertainness in the Euro zone countries, the fiscal uphill faced by America at the end of every fiscal year and a weakening federal regulatory panel. The assessment by the Financial Stability Oversight Council that was made up of regulatory heads forms the Exchange Commission. The Federal Reserve and other agencies painted a grim picture for the American economic future. The Council particularly mentioned cyber threat as an emerging threat as well as the fact that many financial institutions might have focused on complex trading strategies at the expense of their security that could result in losses due to a change in short-term interest rates. The council also cited certain financial market utilities as posing the largest threat and recommended the increased monitoring of these utilities. Most of them were clearing agencies that facilitate the operations of trades of financial instruments. Other outcomes of the study done included reforms for the money market funds that were expected to make the funds less susceptible to investors if they were to run losses. Greater customer protection and segregation of customer assets were other recommendations passed by the council. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/19/business/economy/report-cites-threats-to-market-stability.html?_r=1ref=business Helft Miguel. JC Penney CEO: It may get worse before it gets better. July 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012In a conference at Fortune Brainstorm Tech, the JC Penney CEO, Ron Johnson predicted doom for one of America’s leading mobile and online application developer. The introduction of Ron Johnson as the head of Fortune Brainstorm Tech coincided with one of the worst times for the firm. The company had experienced setbacks in their marketing experiments that flopped dreadfully. The firm had also lost most of its customers by withdrawing the discounts and coupons that it previously offered. Sales had dropped sharply and the customer traffic to their stores had dipped significantly. In a rebuttal by critics, Johnson announced that he would stick to his plan of maintaining competitive prices in order to attract customers.Ron Johnson also mentioned the adjustments that were planned for regional stores. He announced the revamping of the technology infrastructure by installi ng an Oracle system that included an improved mobile checkout system and RFID tags that were expected to speed up purchases. However, even with these reforms, Johnson warned that the company might experience more losses before it fully recovered and recorded growth. Ron proposed a start-up approach that hinted the possibility of downsizing and a nod from the company board. He also negated claims that physical stores were being ousted by online retailing. Retrieved from http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2012/07/18/jc-penney-ron-johnson/ Paul R. La Monica. Will Facebook earnings be THAT bad? Money. June 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012 The floating of shares by the world’s richest social networking site, Facebook was followed by predictions that the earnings from the shares would not be as rosy as expected. Basing their arguments on the behavior that the stock had in the two years since it debuted, most critics placed Facebook shares alongside similar flops such as Nokia, Yahoo and Hewlett- Packard. The Facebook shares went down more than 10% within a week and this was from a10percentage rise from its June low of $25.52 that triggered an alarm among economists on the future of its earnings. The sluggish global economy was one of the reasons for the dismal share performance that also affected other firms likewise. Facebook however had a problem with finding ways through which they could profit off mobile users even as the consequences of acquiring Instagram at exorbitant prices caught up with the compa ny. The poor performance in the stock market may be due to a realization that Facebook might have been a victim of too much publicity during its IPO period. However, the article stated that it might be too early to write off Facebook as a failure. On the contrary, the mistake lied in the way the IPO was poorly handled. The company will still be able to attract experts and invest in developers that will help it grow.Retrieved from http://buzz.money.cnn.com/2012/07/18/facebook-earnings/?iid=HP_MP_RiverLouboutin Christian. Duchess doesn’t need advice. People Magazine. May 24th, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012Christian Louboutin commented on the sensational debate over whether the Duchess of Cambridge’s top-of-the-line fashion franchise might be in need of advice from top designers by pointing out the success that she has achieved so far by depending on her market skills. The thirty-year old duchess, Kate Middleton came into the international spotlight after launching the red-soled shoes that were posted at extravagant prices and purchased by prominent figures all over Europe. The sales figures for the branches of clothing lines, footwear and other fashion stalls that were owned by Miss Middleton showed a strong selling power even in the continuing economic instability in America and Europe. One of the stores, Debenhams adopted a cutomer-centered approach by meeting the customer’s needs and preferences especially on key events such as Christmas and Mother’s Day.The total investments by the royalty grew by 34.9% in the first quarter of 2012 and currently stand at 42%. The chief executive at Debenhams stated that their approach involved communication with customers alongside stocking great value increased their sales growth exponentially. Similar sentiments were echoed by the top leaders at Jenny Peckham. Kate Middleton became a significant economic figure in Europe after her economic activities were credited with giving the British economy over$1.6 billion boost through fashion sales.Retrieved from http://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/article.aspx?id=22325h=Louboutin:-Duchess-doesn%E2%80%99t-need-adviceChristopher S. Rugaber. US home construction makes slow, steady comeback. Daily News Record. July 18, 2012. Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012Within America, the general trend in the housing sector has been the increase I the erection of houses. This urgency to build housing facilities contributes to the long-awaited recovery that could boost the U.S. economy. Housing economists commented that the housing sector was expected to recover faster than it had. However, builders had started responding to buyers who were attracted by lower prices, lower mortgage rates and rising rents. This has increased the appeal for purchasing homes. The increased construction activities were reported to have coincided with higher stock prices for building firms and increased confidence in the housing sector.The bulk of the market was estima ted to be single-family homes who contributed the largest growth as was indicated by the highest number of permits taken since March 2010.This housing sector rejuvenation also influenced the Dow Jones industrial average which closed up at 103 point. The continued resurgence in the housing sector was predicted to benefit the flailing American economy that was weakened by lower consumer spending and slow employment rates.Retrieved from http://www.dnronline.com/hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-07-18-Housing%20Starts/id-93ebc4fd0d814560b100c0ffaa4e33f9 Preeti Kulkarni .Why top-up home loan is a better option in emergency. The Economic Times. July 18, 2012.Web. Accessed on July 18, 2012 The article Why top-up home loan is a better option in emergency discussed the hidden ramifications and benefits that a top-up home loan could have in times of an emergency. Most home loans are considered heaven-sent opportunities through which many people can own a h ouse. Most financial gurus also advice individuals to take out these kinds of loans. The problem however would arise when they needed money urgently. Preeti urged new home owners who were interested in taking up such kinds of loans to consider additional loan or top-up loans. Banks generally offer top-ups at lower rates than the actual loan. One of the benefits of top-ups cited in the article included the extension of such loans to the existing home loan borrowers. This meant that it was only offered to existing clients of certain banks that would explain the comfortable tenure of top-ups loans that would sometimes go up to 20 years. In considering a potential candidate for a top-up loan, the banks consider the value of the property, the repayment trend, the outstanding initial loan and the ability to repay the top-up loan before approving the loan.Retrieved from http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/personal-finance/loan-centre/home-loans/analysis/why-top-up-home-loan-is-a-better-opt ion-in-emergency/articleshow/15036450.cms

Buddhism †History Philosophy and Ideas -

Buddhism – History Philosophy and Ideas - Contents1. Introduction2. The place of Buddhism in context of other world religions3 History of Buddhism4.The three traditions of Buddhism4.1 Theravada4.2 Mahayana4.3 Vajrayana5 Ideas of Buddhism5.1 Four noble truths5.2 Noble Eightfold Path5.3 Nirvana6. Reference1. IntroductionThe teachings of Gautama Buddha, the prince Siddhartha, who lived 500 BCE in India, spread since the 200s over China. Reason for this dispersion can be found in the silk road. This road was a famous road for merchants and had influence even to Japan and Korea.Buddhism flourished in 700s and 800s until it was prohibited in China.Today Buddhism attract followers worldwide and is considered a major world religion. It is the fifth-largest religion in the world behind Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and traditional Chinese religion. Today there are around 350 million people practising this religion.Buddhism is even studied scientifically in the West. E.g. the meditation. Many long-term practising Buddhists, for instan ce, have been shown to have physically different brain structure, in areas associated with spiritual happiness or profound joy.The following paper will tackle the topic of Buddhism, its history philosophy and ideas. First of all I will explain the present status of Buddhism in context of other world religions. After that the history will be presented. In this chapter I tried to focus on the main parts of historyand give an overall outline. Therefore I used bullet point to cover up most of the facts.Chapter four deals with the three traditions of Buddhism. Differences and similarity in the three schools Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana are shown. The fifth chapter deals with the most important ideas of Buddhism. This paper focuses on the four noble truth, the Noble Eightfold Path and Nirvana.2. The place of Buddhism in context of other world religionsBuddhism is a dharmic, non-theistic religion, a philosophy and a...

Customer Service Operations and Excellence Essay

Customer Service Operations and Excellence - Essay Example The same can be achieved through effective customer service operations. The concept of achieving excellence in service through effective customer service has now transcended to various fields in general and academic libraries in particular. Service institutions such as universities are mainly focused on providing optimum quality service to the students, by way of enhanced support services for education, as a means to retain students and improve their academic performance (Sander et al., 2000). Academic libraries exist purely to offer services to the students, which include a range of activities such as offering professional reference services to enable the students to effectively use the various resources that the library has to offer; respond to online queries for references; assist in information delivery services such as shelving and re-shelving books, periodicals etc., among many others (Hernon, Altman, 1996). This paper on customer service operations and excellence aims to discu ss and analyze the various issues related to the management of academic libraries, with the help of appropriate theories and models and conclude with recommendations for improving the services operations to achieve better results. Managing Libraries: Overview One of the primary objectives of libraries is to store and record detailed information about books, in order to serve the 'customer' i.e. students in a better manner. Academic libraries in particular, deals with preserving and recording comprehensive information with regard to scholarly publications as well as the primary resources which are used by the students for achieving scholarships. The libraries in general and academic libraries in particular have recently undergone significant changes over the past couple of years, especially with regard to the manner in which information is stored and dealt with. Such rapid transformations can be largely attributed to the fact that the development of information technology has penetra ted almost all aspects of human life, and academic libraries are no exception. Such changes has brought about a significant transformation in the manner in which libraries are governed, and managed; followed by changes in its organizational structure, skills sets required of library staff, as well as the range of facilities made available to the customers (Budd, 2005). Libraries across the globe are now increasingly accepting and accommodating such changes, in order to enhance their service quality. According to the management at University of California Library: â€Å"The continuing proliferation of formats, tools, services, and technologies has upended how we arrange, retrieve, and present our holdings. Our users expect simplicity and immediate reward and Amazon, Google, and iTunes are the standards against which we are judged (University of California Libraries, 2005, p. 7).† Considering the wide ranging transformations brought about by technology, the management of librar y services must be reviewed to accommodate and cope up with the changing times. However, it must be noted that despite the rapid changes which have penetrated almost all the aspects of management within academic libraries, customer services still remains the same and uninhibited. The key role of librarians still surrounds provision of optimum services to the users, by offering high quality services.

Ozone Depletion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ozone Depletion - Assignment Example Closer to the ground, in the troposphere, ozone is considered a pollutant with harmful effects on breathing and plants. However, the layer of â€Å"good† ozone lies in the stratosphere, between 20 to 40 kilometers from ground. It blocks most of the harmful ultraviolet rays that increase the risk of skin cancer, reduce yields in certain crops and also stress marine life from reaching the earth from sun (â€Å"Ozone - Good Up High Bad Nearby† 2009). The depletion of the ozone layer has been most noticeable over the Antarctic region where a â€Å"hole† is seasonally created every year in spring since late 1970s. This hole, actually a large area in the stratosphere with severely depleted ozone, grew to 26 million square kilometers in 1998 and its largest size recorded was in 2006 when it touched 29 million square kilometers (â€Å"Ozone hole maximum is up on 2007† 2008). The stratosphere above the Antarctic is crucial to maintaining the global average concentration of ozone layer. Ozone is unequally distributed around the globe and is concentrated near the poles (Is total ozone uniform over the globe?). The flow of winds to and from poles keeps the ozone in circulation globally. Depletion over the Antarctic, the area of highest concentration, contributes considerably to the net effect of overall ozone reduction in the atmosphere. It is also here that the thinning of this layer is most dramatic. Unlike other places, the chemicals, such as CFCs, that destroy ozone get trapped over the Antarctic during the dark winter through a unique phenomenon, the â€Å"polar vortex†, and become part of clouds that are unique to this region. Extreme cold also creates ice crystals in these clouds. During spring and summer, as the temperature warms, the ice crystals initiate reactions that break down the CFCs into more active chlorine molecules. These, in turn, break down the ozone molecules into oxygen (â€Å"Ozone Facts: What is the Ozone Hole?† 2009). As the ice

The delivery of adult social care is going through a period of Essay

The delivery of adult social care is going through a period of profound challengechallenge and change. Give a critique of the so - Essay Example The 2010 report of the Department of Health has assured additional funding of ?2 billion by 2014/15 but there had been programmes which funds were discontinued and without any clear direction as the Department seem to grapple with opposing demands as well as criticisms and evaluation outcomes. This paper will try to identify and evaluate relevant provisions of current adult social community care, critically analyse the current adult social care policy agenda and its impact on social work provisions, and critique the social care policy agenda and how it will impact on future social work provision with a focus on an adult with learning disability. It will also incorporate in the discussion the theories of normalisation, biological, social model/neo-liberal, social valorisation and person centred approach, medical model and social models. Discussion Government Initiatives The most recent effort of the government about social care is to address empowerment of communities and individuals to address local challenges. Adult social care policy applies the â€Å"putting people first† (PPF) approach that helps individuals become more independent, and in control of their own lives through their choices. This is called â€Å"self-directed support† where individuals choose their options for home care, hiring personal assistant, or use Adult Social Care (East Sussex County Council, 2010, P 1). High quality services are geared towards making people healthy and in-control of the kind of support they are provided. The Department of Health promotes in the system freedom with the aim to strengthen communities and individuals as autonomy replaces dependency. Another value promoted is fairness addressing the question â€Å"how do we pay for care?† (Department of Health, p 4). The government vies for clear, comprehensive and modern framework that considers both carers and adults who need support. The third value promoted is responsibility where Communities are e ncouraged to become innovative in creating networks of support for individuals. As the Department of Health suggested, â€Å"Care must again be about reinforcing personal and community resilience, reciprocity and responsibility, to prevent and postpone dependency and promote greater independence and choice,† (p 5). The main goals of PPF are: introduce self-directed support prevent problems through early intervention ensure availability of the different types if support for everyone help people use support networks (East Sussex County Council, 2010) . For social care workers, assessment and eligibility criteria may remain the same but changes may be in the care services and solutions that individuals may chose. Social workers involved in the process may include those working in Adult Social Care, voluntary or independent sector, or personal assistants. Carers are provided more involvement in decision-making through assessment of needs as well as planning for support. This will help the team or group involved in the importance of each contribution as well as understand the support the carer or social worker may need. The support plan involves an action plan that includes the list of things to do, by whom and a time table. The team of professionals will then have their roles defined. Additional funding for the future provides a cushion for policy-making and the implementation of improvement as well as redesigning of services to gain

A swot and BCG matrix of Morrisons retailer

A swot and BCG matrix of Morrisons retailer Marketing strategy is a method of focusing an organizations capabilities and resources toward a defined task which leads the organisation toward sale promotion and target marketing place. Marketing strategies are the combination of product promotion, distribution, pricing, relationship management and other elements; identifies the firms marketing goals, and explains how they will be achieved, ideally within a stated timeframe. Marketing strategies are concluding the target market segments, positioning, marketing mix, and allocation of resources. In recent years, several conceptual frameworks have been developed to better understand the processes of strategy formulation, and for such processes, the term strategic marketing is used to describe the decisions taken to develop long-run strategies for survival and growth About Morrisons We are the UKs fourth largest food retailer with  403 stores. Our business is mainly food and grocery the weekly shop. Uniquely we source and process most of the fresh food that we sell though our own manufacturing facilities, giving us close control over provenance and quality; and we have more people preparing more food in store than any other retailer. Every week nine million customers pass through our doors and 124,000 colleagues across the business work hard each day to deliver great service to them. With competitive prices and hundreds of special offers, we are proud to save our customers money every day. Definition of Strategic Marketing Marketing Strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. (Baker Michael 2008) Principles of marketing strategies People Oriented Marketing The purpose of marketing strategies is to create the added advantage of the company. The strategies that are supported to the customer orientation is the most important one because the customer is the king of market. The Cost Of Something Is What You Give Up To Get It. Marketing strategies are planned according to the pricing of their products. Company set their pricing that are supported their products and customer are likely to buy it. Reward System Strategies Strategies are prepared to satisfy the customer and employees. Bonus Cards, loyalty cards are the rewards that organisation gives to their customers just to retain them. Competitive Advantages Marketing strategies are prepared according to the competitive advantage of the competitor. Marker Base Assets Marketing strategies are supported to the brand name, brand image, company name and then cash them to gain advantage. Vision of Morrisons food specialist for everyone Food specialist We really understand food we know where it comes from; we pack it and make it in our factories; we make it in our stores; and we employ craft skills in every store. For everyone Great food which is also: great value; and for every day, not just special days. This vision is supported by our brand values and strategic objectives. Brand value Our brand values are important to delivering our strategy and underpin all our strategic objectives. Fresh, Value and Service are discussed in the right-hand box above. SMART Analysis: SMART is an acronym which tells us that when ever we set any companies objectives they should be ,S =Specific M= Measurable A = Actionable or Achievable R = Realistic T = Time Frame Morrisons strategy Keeping things simple: Our vision to be the Food Specialist for Everyone is now well advanced. Our constant focus on freshness, great value and outstanding service is appealing to more and more people. And were now closer to more customers, having opened 43 new stores last year. Morrisons share of UK grocery market For the financial year 2009/10 the grocery market was worth  £90.2bn, an increase of 4.7%. Morrisons market share continues to increase as we move from National to Nationwide. Morrisons market share(percentage %) 2007 2008 2009 2010 11.9 12.1 12.3 12.6 Morrisons share of grocers UK 2010 (percentage %) A. Morrisons 12.6% B. Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys (combined) 63.5% C. Premium (combined) 5.8% D. Discounters and others (combined) Morrisons market share growth was greater than the total market growth year-on-year and as a result we grew market share. The top four supermarkets combined accounted for around 76% of the market. (Source: Kantar Worldpanel) Market share growth in 2009/10 (Percentage %) SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis in the technique to understand the internal and external analysis of the company that tell companies strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of the company. STRENGTH Market share growth in 2009/10 Store estate development Acquisition of co-operative stores Opening of 34 new stores Food specialist Specialist in food Owen supply chain Own distribution channel Morrison form for food Owen packing factories Instore preparation of food Quickest turnaround time between order and delivery Employees education programme (MBA) WEEKNESSES Lack of the customers trust Very less number of stores Less Advertisement Little bit high pricing OPPORTUNITY Home Delivery extension of small stores to cover the more customers start the new business line as Morrisons pharmacy Move into non-food retailing in the UK. Entry into new retail segments, such as drugstores, department stores, speciality units Increase the number of stores to cover the more population areas THREAT Low pricing of competitors Communication is weak High competition Open market for entering new competitors Purchasing of co-operative store are not maintain Morrisons standard Uncertainty will affect the sale and profitability of the company Competitive Analysis Competitive analysis conducted for the comparison of company to the other different companies/ competitors. It tells the company that where their products are and where the other have, they are in the good position are their competitor. Competitive analysis is tells advantages and the weaknesses of the companies over the competitors. Morrisons have strong competition with Tesco, ASDA, and Sainsbury etc. Boston Consulting Group Matrix Star High growth business or products that competing the market where they have competitive advantage/ edge as compare to the competitor. Normally heavy investments are required to exist in the market. Morrison may not fall in this part of the matrix. Cash Cows Business growth is low or product having relative market share. There is normally low business and little investment is required to retain in the market. Good leadership and strategies are required for growth. Morrisons is in this area of matrix. Question mark Business or product have low market share but exist in the high growth market. Businesses in this area are required high investment but they have potential to grow high. Management have to make some growth strategies that Morrison have done and now in the growth position of the market. Dogs Businesses or products have low market share and unattractive market. Business fall in this area may generate profit to come on breakeven point. Pricing strategies There are number of pricing strategies that companies used in according to their purpose that are fit and matched with objectives and goals. The strategies are: Premium Pricing Economy Pricing Penetration Pricing Psychological Pricing Skimming Pricing Captive Product Pricing Product Bundle Pricing Promotional Pricing Geographical Pricing Morrisons are used various pricing strategies from the above mentioned strategies. Economy Pricing Morrisons are using this strategy in their products that are daily use items. All most all the grocery items are under economy pricing scheme. Psychological Pricing Morrisons are also adopting this pricing technique just for psychological impact on the customers. For example 99P Promotional Pricing Morrisons are using this strategy for promotional items. Example: buy 1 get one free or two item 2 pound etc. STP Strategies STP is another type of marketing strategies that companies kept in mind while formulating its marketing strategies. STP stands for S- Segmentation T- Target P- Positioning Segmentation Demographical Geographical Psychological Behavioural Geographical Company divided its area into different parts than these subareas are also divided into regions. Morrisons have divided its UK market into 4 parts that are the states then these are divided into cities and then cities are divided its sides like central, north, east, west, northwest etc. Distribution and channel strategies Morrisons have their own distribution channel that is use to deliver its products to the retail stores for the end use of customers. Fresh foods are taken from own forms than they distribute to the concern factory for packing and finally distribute to the retail stores effective and efficient use of the supply chain management.

Free Essays - Impact of the Title of The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Impact of the Title of The Awakening By using an evocative title like In The Awakening, Kate Chopin creates a spark of interest that makes the reader ponder over the events in the novel, wondering if there's more to the story than the text. Chopin's title is as figurative as her novel; The awakening is not in a literal since, as one would expect, but rather in terms of Edna's "awakening" from her life of ignorant servitude to society, which shows that the purpose of her work is to get her readers to think for themselves. Edna Pontellier's process of awakening is the focus of this novel. Edna's "awakening" begins when Edna starts "to realize her position in the universe as a human being." (page 57) At this point, Edna starts to think for herself. This happens relatively early in the novel, and spans the course of the book. Edna's Awakening seems to come in short bursts, one level at a time. She gains her next "level" when Edna "denied and resisted" (page 78) her husband, which was unheard of in that time. Edna's awakening is well illustrated when she wakes (literally) and asks "How many years have I slept?" (page 85) Edna relates her life to that point to her own slumber, unthinking and passive until she "awakens." At this point, the world is exposed for what it is in truth, not what society masks it to be. Edna fully "awakens" in her own death, finally acknowledging her love for Robert and her own loneliness. When Edna takes her own life, it shows that she no longer has anything to live for, save a love that will never amount to anything. Just before Edna goes into the water, a "bird with a broken wing," (page 175) symbolizing Edna, drowns, as does she.

Prelude no 15 in Db major by Chopin

The song Prelude no.15 by Chopin, also known as the raindrop prelude is written in ternary form, which means it's an ABA structure. It's structure unlike many other preludes has a very clear Ternary form structure with a coda at the end to finish the piece nicely. Section A is written in Db, while section B is written enharmonically in C# minor. Although it is in Ternary form the piece can be split into 4 parts. The Coda, A, B, and A again. Melody and Rhythm Just like the name of the piece, Raindrop, throughout the piece sustained notes are used to act as the continuous raindrops falling. During the piece such as in the first bar, Chopin uses descending notes and arpeggio's to represent falling raindrops. He also uses septuplets and turns to create similar effects. He changes to the relative minor and dominant keys to create variation within the melody. Tonality The Raindrop Prelude is written in Db major with 5 flats. Bb, Eb, Ab, Db and Gb. The piece is generally tonal and uses many different relative keys to create variation throughout the piece. Texture. Although the Raindrop Prelude is written and played on one piano the texture is generally quite thick throughout. Chopin, in the B section, uses a technique called doubling to create a powerful and a build up of the texture. This is where a note is played in octaves in both hands creating a more emotional feeling as well, as a feature of romantic music. The texture could be described as both polyphonic and homophonic as the melody above the pedaled notes is more complex but fits in with many of the sustained notes. Use of Piano. Because Prelude no. 15 is written for piano Chopin uses the abilities of the piano very well to create variation among sections. For example, in section B the melody is played in the Left hand rather than the Right which created a low forceful and powerful sound. Also by using pedaled notes in both the harmony and melody the sound of the piano created the feel of raindrops. Chopin also wrote Prelude no. 15 because many pieces of music were created for the piano in the Romantic era as the instrument was developed and made bigger which enables it to create Cantabile sounds and sustained slurs with pedals. Also piano's were now able to make larger ranges of dynamics, articulation and pitches because of the use of hammers on strings and the extension of octaves.

Learn About Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

Learn About Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Quà © and cul  are two words that can be confusing to people learning Spanish, because they can be translated as the same word into English, namely, what.  It is sometimes said that  quà ©Ã‚  is closer to what in meaning, and  cul  is closer to which. But that rule isnt always true. When to Use Accent Marks The two words, when they have  accents, are used as interrogative  pronouns  in questions to mean what or which.  Quà ©Ã‚  is the same in the singular and plural forms; the plural of  cul  is  cules. Accented  forms of these words appear only in exclamations and in questions, which includes an  indirect  question. The accented  quà ©Ã‚  is found most often at the beginning of a sentence, although  it sometimes follows de  and other prepositions, especially in indirect questions.  For example,  Ã‚ ¿De quà © color es la  camisa?  meaning, What color is the shirt?   Without accents, normally que  and  cual are not being used as a question. Most often, they are connecting words or, technically speaking, relative pronouns, translated to mean which or that. They can stand for either feminine or masculine objects as well as ideas or concepts. An example of this usage is a popular phrase,  Creo que sà ­, meaning, I think that is so. Use Cases of Quà © and Cul When Asking Questions There are a number of ways to ask questions using the words  quà ©Ã‚  and  cul.  A speaker can ask for a definition, like What is this?, which uses quà ©.  Or, you can ask for a choice selection from a group, What looks better, this red blouse or this black one?, which uses  cul. Quà ©Used for Definitions A number of examples may help explain usage of quà © asking for a definition:  Ã‚ ¿Quà © es una ciudad?,  meaning, What is a city? Or,  Ã‚ ¿Quà © hace un presidente?, meaning,  What does a president do? Or,  Ã‚ ¿Quà © significa talanquera?, asking, What does talanquera mean? Quà ©Used Before Nouns Quà © is usually the interrogative pronoun that is used right before nouns. For example,  Ã‚ ¿Quà © casa prefieres?,  meaning, Which house do you prefer? Or,  ¿Quà © libro leà ­ste?,  asking, Which book did you read? CulUsed Before Forms of Ser Cul  is used before  es  and other forms of the verb  ser, meaning to be, when not seeking a definition. For example,  Ã‚ ¿Cul es tu nà ºmero de telà ©fono?,  meaning, What is your phone number? Or,  Ã‚ ¿Cul es tu problema?,  meaning, What is your problem? Or,  ¿Cules son las ciudades ms grandes?,  asking, What are the biggest cities? Cul Used toMake a Choice Cul  is used to suggest or ask for a selection or choice from a group. For example,  Ã‚ ¿Cul miras?,  meaning,  Which one are you looking at? But,  ¿Quà © miras?,  would be used to ask when you want to know, What are you looking at? An example of the plural form of the interrogative pronoun used in making a choice would be,  Ã‚ ¿Cules quieres?, meaning,  Which ones do you want? But,  ¿Quà © quieres?,  would be the proper way to ask, What do you want? Quà © as an Idiom An  idiom  is an  expression, word or phrase that has a figurative meaning traditionally understood by native speakers. For example,  Ã‚ ¡Quà © lstima! meaning, What a shame! Or,  Ã‚ ¡Quà © susto!  meaning, What a fright!   Some of the most common idiomatic expressions that are used daily in native Spanish speech  are  ¿Y quà ©? or  ¿Y a mà ­ quà ©?,  both meaning, So what? Or,  Ã‚ ¿Para quà ©? or  ¿Por quà ©?,  meaning,  Why?

Top 10 Work From Home Jobs You Should Consider

Top 10 Work From Home Jobs You Should Consider Working from home sounds a little like winning the lottery, or having a pet unicorn. There are so many scams out there, but also real, valid employment opportunities that let you actually work from home. Though there are more than 50  scams to every legitimate posting, there are real jobs out there. These are particularly beneficial to parents who want to spend more time with their kids, military spouses who have to follow their partners to bases around the world, retirees, and anyone homebound by disability. But many entry-level workers are also increasingly attracted to these sorts of flexible positions. and some companies are seeing the cost-cutting merits of an increasingly telecommuting workforce. Here are 10 of the best stay-at-home careers for you to look out for when weighing your prospects.1. Virtual Assistantsome companies or individuals can’t afford a full-time employee but still need administrative and assistant help. if you’d make a great assistant and ca n set up a company of your own, or work for an existing one, this is a potential opportunity.2. Medical Transcriptionfor a median wage of $17+ per hour, you could listen and type up doctors’ dictations. it often requires the ability to listen through thick accents, environmental noise, and even chewing, but it can be good work nonetheless.3. TranslatingIf you’re fluent in more than one language, you can translate audio or text files- particularly with culture and idiomatic differences in mind. and this field is projected to increase by 29% in the coming decade, as more companies are willing to hire competent translators from different geographical locations. median hourly wage just under $21/hour, and government (highest paying) gigs paying a median annual wage of over $52k per year.4. Web Development/DesignMost of the home-based hiring is now being done in the it sector. web developers and designers are in such high demand that it is one of the easiest fields in which to find remote work- if you have the relevant skills and talent.5. Call Center RepLots of call centers are giving way to home office workers staffed individually in their own location. some companies hire you directly, while others hire you as on a subcontract basis. pay might be by the minute, not the hour, and likely won’t include time spent between calls. But it’s still a decent gig.6. Tech SupportTech support specialists are also hired by call centers to work remotely. It’s considered one of the top work-from-home jobs and expected to increase by over 88,000 jobs in the coming years. If you’re tech savvy enough, it might be the move for you.7. Travel AgentIf you’re well-traveled, good with logistical details, and a bit of an entrepreneur, you could easily start your own at-home travel agency. This business concept has increased markedly in the last decade, and is expected to grow even more.8. TeacherThere are more and more opportunities out th ere for students to learn remotely. Another, similar option: marketing yourself as a private, virtual tutor.9. Writing/EditingLong considered the white whale of employment opportunities, there are real jobs to be found out there in this field. writing blog posts, revenue sharing, proofreading- these are only some of the gigs you could get.10. Franchise OwnershipOwning a business can be the key to your financial freedom- and to never having to go into an office again. franchises are an easy first option, as most of the most complicated legwork was already completed for you in advance. the best bets involve the newest trends in the green movement, wellness, or technology.Do be wary of scams. make sure the hirer is an actual, established company, that the posting includes its real name and an actual email with that company’s name in the address, that there is an hr contact available for questions you might have, that it contains similar information about perks and compensation t hat a â€Å"normal† job description might include, that there is an application/interview process of some kind, and that samples of your work and/or references are requested.

Nalysing the impact of Confucianism on customer behaviour and Literature review

Nalysing the impact of Confucianism on customer behaviour and perception of western brands - Literature review Example China has about 1.3million HNW individuals making it one of the most attractive wealth management markets and thus the high street fashion brands expand to China to make profits (BBC News, 2012). Sale of goods in china is exploding despite of tax importing the Chinese market. Online consumption of western product by the Chinese consumers by 11% in the next five years or so and sales of the brands will grow by twice by about 25% a year. China is the largest consumer of Louis Vuitton and accounts for about 15% of global sales (The Economist, 2011). The Chinese market have proved to be an important market for most of the western brands as the top five most recognised brands in China are imported overseas. In the Chinese market the top brands which have successfully made are Nestle S.A, Chanel, Samsung Group, Apple Inc, Sony Corp, Nike Inc, Starbucks Corp, Canon Inc and other brands. With other western and luxury brand such as Armani, Louis Vuitton and Gucci were also reported to show hi gh in rating among the western brands. Thus it was analysed and stated that China prefers foreign brands (China.org, 2012). The continued rise of consumers in China and rising demand for western brands has proved to be helpful for the luxury sector. The Chinese market is expected to become the leader in consumption of luxury brands by the end of 2014 and contributing about 40% of growth in the next 10 years overtaking Americans and the Japanese. China is predicted to have consumers who will be able to afford luxury brands and products (Smither, 2012). Americans fast food companies such as KFC, Mc Donald’s, Dunkin Donuts have succeeded in China and it is mainly because of the brand image possessed by them of being trustworthy and healthy. According to China market research group, the consumers view these brands as healthy as the Chinese fears tainted ingredients as compared to fats. Thus it quite clear that the way the consumers based in China tends to view the brands is diffe rent from how the brands are perceived in other countries. Thus the success depends on localising the brand. One such example is of Renault, which localised it product in order to appeal to the young professionals in China. The new initiative is to become part of larger trends of retailers who are offering localised services, special products to the Chinese consumers and access the lucrative market (Train, 2011). However there have been incidents when brands have not succeeded in creating brand image for the Chinese consumers. The main reason why brands tend to fail in China is they do not adapt to the concept of localisation of the product. Groupon which happened to close 13 of its stores in China is the latest example of western internet company to fail in Chinese market. The company failed mainly because of local understanding of the consumers, arrogance, management structure were the factors lead to failure of Groupon in China. These are the four main reasons for failure of Groo pons. Arrogance Groupon used to pay highest salary based on market standard and atract5ed the top employees of its competitors. The company also assumed that this

Econometrics; empirical research paper; cigarette and education Essay

Econometrics; empirical research paper; cigarette and education - Essay Example Richter’s assertions confirm Godin’s argument that if at all an individual cumulate the number of hours/minutes spend while smoking and then compare with the level of output, then the relationship will not be proportional, rather lopsided. To determine the reliability and validity of the Richter’s and Godin’s assertions, data was collected and analyzed. The data variables were years of schooling, cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking and annual income. The results from the collected data follow below; From the above multiple regression model with years of schooling as the dependent variable and years of smoking, annual income ($) and number of cigarettes smoked per day, the regression equation can be formulated as shown below; (Where Y = Number of smoking years, I = annual income and C = cigarettes smoked per day). From equation 1, a unit increase in years of smoking means that the person spend few year in school by a factor of 0.029 holding annual income and cigarettes smoked per day constant (controlling for annual income and cigarettes smoked per day constant). Further, an increase in cigarettes smoked per day by one cigarette means that the person spend few year in school by a factor of 0.016 holding annual income and years of smoking constant (controlling for annual income and years of smoking). The effect of years of schooling on the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years is significant at 5% level of significance [t = -4.963, p

Shipping Logistics in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shipping Logistics in the UK - Essay Example Data for the research will be gathered from both primary and secondary data where all participants will be selected randomly to reduce biasness in the research. Questionnaires will be used to help in data collection where telephone interviews will be used to help reduce cost of travelling. After data has been collected it will be analyzed using computer programs such as Ms. Excel and SPSS and presented using tables and graphs. Confidentiality will be observed as a strategy for enforcing ethics sin research. Background of the Research The term shipping has changed from what it was associated with in the past to include any form of transport moving goods from one point to another (Lun, Lai and Cheng, 2010, p. 12). Previously, the term the term was associated with water borne transport. Consequently this extended meaning makes the industry a complex and dynamic. Logistics is described as the management of the flow of commodities from the point of production to target point with an aim o f meeting the needs of customers and companies. Logistics calls for assimilation of information, inventory, transportation, warehousing, handling and packaging of materials and security of the goods. According to Fremont (2009, p. 1), for the last 50 years, containerization has turned into the prop of globalization. Additionally, this period has seen increased international trade and consequently this calls for efficient shipping logistics. Companies and businesses demand for better synchronized shipping activities in terms of location and space by development of logistics chains. The total value of the UK logistics industry was $105.7 billion in 2010 having grown by 9.9 percent in the 2009-10 fiscal years. This sector employs thousands of people and supports a significant proportion of the country’s economy. However, the sector is facing various constrains which may impede the efficient discharge of its responsibilities to different stakeholders. One primary concern in the s ector is the security threats caused by pirates and increased terrorism cases (Askins, 2012, p. 15). The other issue facing the UK shipping sector is that fact that with enlargement of European Union, competition has increased with the newer member states to the EU who have lower operational costs. Moreover, in the late 1990s, there was increased demand for bigger containers and tanker ships overstretched the capacity of the available ports thereby impeding trade. In light of these developments in this sector, it is critical to carry out a research into the shipping logistics in UK to understand the processes and procedures implemented by different companies to ensure smooth trade between UK and other countries. Aim and Objectives of the Research The aim of this research is to understand shipping logistics in United Kingdom; the process, procedures and policies that control shipping in UK. Moreover, the research will help understand any impediments to the shipping logistics in UK an d the problems faced by shippers in UK in relation to other shippers in the European Union. Objectives of the research 1. To find the security issues facing shippers in UK 2. To assess handling of goods at the port in UK 3. To investigate whether there is adequate capacity for shipping in UK Justification of the research Findings from this research will be help regulatory authorities make better informed decisions on

The toxicity of chemicals Essay Example for Free

The toxicity of chemicals Essay Remedy I would not endorse hazardous waste landfill, waste treatment plant, deep injection well, or incinerators near a residential community because of the hazardous threats brought by the chemicals. Even though they are built so that the trash of chemical plants and the residue from pest control, there are some instance where there is a leakage that can harm the community. Hazardous waste landfills are built so that the waste from chemical processes can be dumped in this area. They are designed to resist the power of the chemicals. A deep injection well is a special kind waste landfill where the chemical residues are injected on the soil so that not to penetrate more from the environment and to the atmosphere. While a waste treatment plant treats the chemicals that lessen the impact of hazards of the chemicals. They used methods and even chemicals to in order for the hazardous chemical power be minimized. While an incinerators burned chemicals in a combustion chambers. All these methods are almost perfect because they are designed by engineers to minimize the effects of hazardous chemicals. But somewhat they have drawbacks. If people who operate this kind of methods did not operate well and accurate, they are big chances that the community will be getting toxic. And this consumes more land that must be used by the people in the community. (Network, 2005) The most practical way to response to this problem is to locate a dumping site or a site that will be building up by the waste treatment plant, deep injection well, or incinerators that is far from a community. In this way, the toxicity of chemicals that can affect the health of people can be minimized. But the most remedy to this problem is to minimize the use of chemicals that harms the human health as well as the environment. We must seek on the natural ways in preventing pest in our farms. Reference: Network, S. W. A. (2005). Landfill. Retrieved February 20, 2007, from http://www. ccthita-swan. org/Tutorials/landfill. cfm

Technique Of Montage In Cinema Media Essay

Technique Of Montage In Cinema Media Essay I have selected two films to help me to illustrate the significance of the technique of montage in cinema. They are David Wark Griffiths Birth of a Nation and Sergei Eisensteins Battleship Potemkin. I will be using the points of view of an ordinary audience as well as a cultural military historian to examine the impact of montage on our reading of the film cited. What is Montage? Montage in general parlance is a method of organising and editing the visuals ‘scenes whose emotional impact and visual design are achieved through the editing together of many brief shots†¦..montage may expand or contract time and space. In other words, it is an editing technique that combines or separates frames to construct narrative, sense of continuity and discontinuity and juxtapositions. Classic Examples Bollywood cinema showing a montage sequence where two brothers jump off a train and suddenly they are seven years older Montage of the mall-dwellers relaxing and having a fun time in the mall. Threshold of change In 1920s, montage was ahead of its time. Eisensteins prescience strikes us from the vantage point of the present, when we are at the cusp of a changeover from analogue modes of perception and representation to the the dispersed sensibility of the dital technology. The modern television screen typifies this shift as a site where montage and collage conflate all at once. The viewer is expected to, and does, multi-task, taking in several elements and actions simultaneously the talking heads, the intervening visuals, the text scrolls, the flash news, the sensex bar in a corner, the advertisement pop-ups and so on. Unilinear attentiveness and experience of the media are being replaced by a non-linear grasp of the clutter. True, the average mainstream star-strapped cinema, with its iconising impulse, yet uses this digital possibility very superficially. But already with digital surround sound in cinema theatres, the sound track is an experience of severalness. What montage might do to de construct the conventional rectangular screen we are riveted to and similarly unbundled and disperse our viewing experience is a fascinating thought. ‘Battleship Potemkin- An Analysis How sound image juxtapositions express meaning Eisenstein (1898-1948), a graduate of Russia State Film School, has been renowned as an advocate of Soviet theories of film montage. His montage theory is also ideological in some ways like Griffiths but his is more revolutionary in terms of aesthetics and political circumstances (dialectical montage punctuated by Marxism), and his theory aims chiefly at the audience psyche. He argues that film has its greatest impact not by the smooth unrolling of images, but by their juxtaposition ‘montage is an idea that arises from the collision of independent shots shots even opposing to one another. His central concept is the collision of elements, in other words, shots should not be seen as linked, but rather as conflicting with one another. Eisenstein considers montage as a creative film element that is significant in creating: Dramatic Form Metric Montage Rhythm in the Narrative Rhythmic Montage Metaphor and Analogy- Overtonal Montage Dynamic in building up the films meaning Intellectual Montage The fourth point is the most important because no matter they are ideological or anti-ideological tools, films are made to help the audience to produce new perceptions, emotions and cognitions in the mind and to visualise the invisible conflict between the film elements. Battleship Potemkin is a class-conscious revolutionary propaganda, ordered up by the Russian revolutionary leadership for the 20th anniversary of the Potemkin uprising in 1905. The reason was because Lenin believed this film could encourage his people to support and join the proletariat in overthrowing old order. Despite of its multifarious responsibilities, the film has created an impact as montage being the forms most important film grammar. I will now move on to dialectical montage. Eisenstein suggests that we should achieve conflicts in film by using point, counterpoint and fusion. The following are examples of dialectical montage in Battleship Potemkin: How montage stimulates meaning for the viewer Cutting between the Battleships surgeon and the maggot-infested meat that the sailors are meant to eat to suggest a contradiction and absurdity of the order (to eat the rotten meat). Cutting between ghostly figures hanging and clenched fists, furthered by an inter-title ‘Down with the tyrants! to legitimise peoples anger. Cutting between the fearful faces of the unarmed citizens and the faceless militia in uniform to give a reason for the people against the ruthless czarist state. The numerous cuts in the Odessa steps sequence build the individual moments of terror into an unbearable emotional climax. This is a perfect example to demonstrate Eisensteins montage theory in relation to the forming of intellectual concepts and associations. How Sound Image juxtapositions produce meaning Firstly, he uses images of still objects to line up with images of the massacre to create a metaphorical juxtaposition: through the dynamic editing of three lion statues, he implies the awakening of anger and rebellion. The juxtaposition of these two different subjects of images (one of human, the other of symbolic image or prop) is a valuable propaganda device because it encourages viewers to deduce for themselves that the symbol describes the character. Secondly, in a fragmentary way, he shows the attacking militia by a line of marching boots advancing down the steps, this is to emphasise the militias impersonal and oppressive nature. He further contrasts it with the powerlessness of the revolutionary citizens-victims by showing a legless man who escapes with difficulty from the cold bullets. And as the troops march ahead, a military boot crushes a childs hand. There is also an old woman who is seen with eyeglasses in her first appearance then in the second shot of her, one of the glasses has been pierced by a bullet which signifies her death. Thirdly, there are shots of a mother with a baby carriage. As the mother is shot by the militia and begins to fall, there are cuts to her carriage perched dangerously close to the edge of a step. Interspersed with these individual scenes of cruelty are shots of the fleeing crowd and the approaching line of militia occasionally firing into the crowd. The fear generated by this montage is reinforced as the mother collapses and sends the carriage hurtling out of control down the steps. Eisenstein uses a lot of close-ups of the citizens like the old woman whose glasses are pierced through by bullet, the legless man, the small boy whose hand is trampled, and his terrified mother to increase the emotional impact of the sequence. The average length of each shot in this sequence is about two seconds, giving the audience barely a chance to breathe amongst the chaos. In the above examples we see that montage involves a dialectical process that creates a new third meaning from combining the mea nings of two sets of adjacent shots. Although the real 1905 revolution was repressed by the Czarist regime, Eisenstein does not depict the sailors final downfall, opting instead for an ambiguous, deliberately mythologised ending. The Story of the Montage In the film, the story goes like this: news of the uprising on Potemkin reaches the Russian squadron, which speeds towards Odessa to put it down. The Potemkin and a destroyer, also commanded by revolutionaries, steam out to meet them. Again Eisenstein uses montage to cut between the approaching squadron, the brave Potemkin, and details of the onboard preparation, he creates a tension for the precarious situation. At the very last moment, the men of the Potemkin signal their comrades in the squadron to join them, after a few good minutes of suspension, the Potemkin eventually steams among the oncoming ships without a shot being fired at it the sailors of the rival Russian fleets do not open fire on the Potemkin, responding humanely to her pleas to join them instead. Amid much cheering from sailors on all ships, the inter-title ‘Brothers! appears. The very specific dialectic approach to film form, which Eisenstein is engaged with, surrounds the idea of art always being conflict; its social mission is to make manifest the contradictions of being. Eisenstein acknowledges that montage is the most suitable for the expression of ideological statements; the films last sequence I have just gone through in the previous paragraph has demonstrated the brotherhood of man and the solidarity of the working-class. As a reinforcement of the ideology of revolution, Eisensteins ending for the film is directed towards the unwritten future, rather than the recreation of the past. ‘Birth of a Nation An Analysis Birth of a Nation is one of the complex subjects in American film history. Apart from the controversial representation of the black race and the ambitious depiction of American history during the period of Civil War and Reconstruction, the cinematic language developed by Griffith is influential within the film-making sphere. This language is comprehensive and allows effective communication with the audience. One of the essential skills in the language system is the technique of montage. In addition to exploring the potential of flashbacks, eyeline matches and camera distances, his earliest pictures also showed that individual shots were cinematic phrases that could be edited together into meaningful sequence without a concrete dramatic logic to link them. For instance, by using rapid cutting, the scene in which Lynch attempts to forced marriage to Elsie intersects with three other sequences: first, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) speeding to rescue the victim (Elsie); second, the KKK clearin g the rest of the unruly blacks out of town; third, the KKK approaching to rescue the trapped Cameron family. 4. In the above series of shots, audience are watching Elsie under increasingly dangerous moral and sexual threat, ‘at the same location in time, audience sees the glorious KKK troops riding to rescue, the tension grows until it gets to a point ‘when the two (sequences of shots) are finally brought together which is the victory of the KKK over Lynch and the other blacks. The symbolic arrangement of shots does not only create a rhythm for the narrative, it also generates a tense juxtaposition that carries the audiences emotion to ‘the next higher power. By using montage, Griffith has established the KKK as the heroes of the drama in all these different scenarios, the KKK make every effort to fight for the interest of the whites. It may not be very impressive for audience in todays cultural and intellectual environment, however for the American audience in 1915, the experience was different; this scene literally involved them with its convincing images and ideological message. As a matter of fact, many of those who had watched Birth of a Nation were so motivated that they gathered to join the rejuvenated KKK. This film is a facsimile, but it is a powerful one that is perceived by many people as true, Carter puts it this way: ‘The picture projects one of the most persistent cultural illusions; it presents vividly and dramatically the ways in which a whole people have reacted to their history With the awareness of a cultural historian, we should take a step back from these scenes and appreciate the careful direction and choreography of the mass and individual movements. We can also look into Griffiths proficient use of montage which like what I have pointed out, functions ideologically in Birth of a Nation. Conclusion As I have said, in silent cinema where visual images are the major elements, montage is particularly important. In both Birth of a Nation and Battleship Potemkin, images cutting back and forth, amid the repetitive and rhythmic score composed by keyboard, percussion, half-heard cries, speech and choral, create a rapid rhythm, aggressive and dangerous atmosphere. On a higher level, montage is used to provoke the audiences emotional recognition and go further to stimulate their intellectual reflexivity and perception. Montage is creative and abstract, a cinematic abstraction of reality that is able to explicitly shape events for maximum effect of agitation. Montage can open up new non-narrative avenues in film-making. It still has considerable impact on the cinema, both in an aesthetic or cult manner, like the Wong Kar-wais and Quentin Tarantinos films, and in a political or ideological sense, like Oliver Stones JFK and R Zemeckiss Forrest Gump. Nevertheless, montage is no longer the only channel through which images can be played around, when film-making nowadays is often partially or largely aided by digital technology, the space for the potential of visuals to expand is indeed unlimited. NOTES ON EDITING Editing is one of the most important parts of modern television lest modern television would cease to exist. Creation of Topic/Story The story is the skeleton of the edit and helps organise the edit into chapters and topics much as in writing. Rhythm and Pacing Rhythm and pacing are very important within edits because if we are editing a news story then it must be very fast with shots not lasting more than around 3 seconds. If we take the feature film and look at its basic structure then we may be able to edit the project down to around 25 minutes to fit within television schedules. The pacing will be much faster and more information will be given. If it is edited properly then the viewer should have the same feeling seeing a half hour version as for a 1hr 36 minutes version. When watching an action film such as Die Another Day we expect the cutting to be very fast, many shots to show various angles and to extend the action as far as possible to amaze the audience and in parts to contribute a little humour. In contrast if we were to watch Pride and Prejudice we would see far longer shots with a lower variety of shot sizes and elements. Although the definition of montage is editing, the term montage refers to many aspects of cinema. It is often used to suggest artistic editing, or to suggest rapid, stimulating editing. However, montage theory influences a range of filmmaking including imagery, pace and timing of editing and spectator response. The film which demonstrates preeminently the various uses of montage is The Battleship Potemkin . Conversely, montage is often a diverse and personal form of expression and there are many good examples, such as Un Chein Andalou (1929; Luis Bunuel Salvador Dali) and Citizen Kane (Orson Welles; 1941). The theory of montage arises from the work of Lev Kuleshov, who established the a + b = c definition of montage. He discovered that a picture followed by another picture produces a thought; this phenomenon is often called the Kuleshov effect. Kuleshov conducted a series of experiments, which included showing a picture of a silent, open mouth followed by a bird flying through the sky, which made people think that the mouth was singing. When he showed people the open mouth followed by a picture of food, people thought the mouth was hungry. It was from those experiments that our concept of montage developed. The imagery of the Kuleshov effect is shown below in the montage triangle. The a + b = c definition is useful because the letters can be substituted for other things. For instance, during the Kuleshov effect the spectator is effectively shown two noun-pictures, a picture of an open mouth followed by a flying bird. The spectator thought the mouth was singing, which is a verb. When Kuleshov showed the open mouth followed by a plate of bread, people thought the mouth was hungry, which is an adjective. The Kuleshov effect allows us to show pictures of nouns in such a way that people can think of words from different parts of speech, such as a verb or an adjective. It is this type of communication, achieved by montage, which gives cinema so much artistic and intellectual value.