Goose Island Company (Brief discriotion of the organization) Essay

Goose Island Company (Brief discriotion of the organization) - Essay Example Its products are sold across the United States and in the United Kingdom. The company has been expanding with time owing to the rising market trends as it continues to venture into new markets. Goose Island company operates in the alcoholic beverage manufacturing industry and has managed to acquire a fair share of the market. This industry includes products like ale, beer, distilled spirits and wine. There are major players in this industry like the Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc, Boulevard Brewing Co. and Harpoon Breweries. They have loyal clients and have been in the industry for a long period of time. Competing against them is therefore not easy as they have a wider capital base that they utilize when it comes to product promotion and strategic planning (Fogarty 34). However, Goose Island company is trying its best to build its customer base in order to compete with such big market players. When the company was partly sold to the Widmer Brothers Brewery in 2006, there was public outcry that the taste of the beer was going to be interfered with. The loyal clients were very furious with the management, as they did not want any form of alteration in the taste of the beer. T he reason why they opted for external financiers from Belgium was that the local financiers wanted to gain full control of the company but the management was not for this. This is why they had to settle for Widmer Brothers Brewery for additional capital (Xin and Buccola 45). All the manufacturing is done in Chicago even after the part acquisition of the firm. The management and key decision-making personnel are all based in Illinois; Chicago just like it was before. Their philosophy is grounded on building their brands and increasing the sales volume. The company has over 120 employees based in Chicago that are highly motivated and focused in achieving the organizational objectives. Currently the organization is growing and is even expanding to new areas, conquering new

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Budgeting - Essay Example In this way, the managers will be motivated to achieve the desired budgetary targets. Budget is like a pressure device. For example, each department is given a certain budgetary goals and targets and they are to be achieved within a specified period of time. Consequently, the department manager will be required to work hard and take necessary steps for achieving the budget targets. Sometimes, the given budget targets are difficult and challenging. In that condition, the department manager feels the pressure because the given targets look unachievable. Budgetary control can be defined as determining and evaluating planned budget with the actual results and taking necessary measures to obtain the budget objectives. In the budgetary control, first a budget is planned and its objectives are also determined. Subsequently, after getting the actual results, they are compared with the planned budget. After that, if certain budget objectives are not met, the causes will be investigated and then the corrective measures will be taken. Activity based budgeting means budgeting based on activities. In this budgeting process, activities which incur cost are summarised and recorded and subsequently analysed. After this step, it is the responsibility of related department manager to identify and establish relationship between them. By knowing the relationship between cost and activities, the managers become in a position to develop an achievable. Based on the relationship between activities and costs, the managers can use the actual results and forecast the cost behaviour and its subsequent trend and impact on the overall budgeting process. Zero based budgeting means entire budgeting process should be started from scratch. The budgetary objectives, goals, budgetary targets, budgetary planning and other features of budgeting are started from zero level. On the other hand, flexible budgeting is different than zero based budgeting because only some adjustment is

Alcoholism and its Effects on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcoholism and its Effects on Society - Essay Example The extrapolation derived from the data on drinking practices from the surveys of household probability suggest that there are nearly 29 million children of alcoholic patents and an anticipated 22 million of them are either 18 years of age or older and nearly 6.6 million are below the age of 18 years. Regrettably, even though it is a known fact that this magnitude of population and the possibility of these individuals of suffering from a variety of problems, a well controlled research is not yet done. Along with descriptive epidemiological investigation a range of other forms of studies are needed. A systematically sound research can offer groundwork for the enhancement of early intervention and effective preventive programs to eradicate the potential adverse effects of alcoholism. Even though the children of alcoholic parents are at a higher risk for alcoholism, it should be observed that a huge percentage of these children do not necessarily develop this disorder. Different patterns of alcoholism are suggested by research both with a high environmental risk and genetic vulnerability. It is likely that some individual with high risk do not develop alcoholism they may employ coping mechanisms. Multiple coping mechanisms are clinically observed in these children and many of them grow up to be free from psychopathology or alcoholism. These studies of coping mechanism are employed by the resistant individuals that may have special value for prevention and treatment programs. Concerning the children of alcoholics the clinical reports have described a range of psychological impairments that have been experienced by them in addition to drug abuse or alcohol. The psychological problems that have been observed have included the presence of both minor and major types of impaired self-esteem, reality testing, vocational and impaired academic performance and susceptibility to a number of acting out behaviors including running away and delinquency. The majority of these studies were limited to assessing the children who were getting treatment of the problems or those whose parents were being cured for alcoholism. To examine the children of alcoholics a broader spectrum of research is needed. The study that compares non COA's and the COA's suggest that even though both the groups differ in a wide range of psychosocial aspect, the differences in the cognitive performance are observed frequently. The cognitive function in the children of alcoholics have been examined by researchers as it is significant factor require for adaptation at all the stages of development. This can be evaluated uniformly across the stages of development and is associated with symptoms of alcoholism. In the book Alcoholic fathering and its relation to child's intellectual development: A pilot investigation, the author Ervin and Et al have analyzed that the full IQ performance and the verbal score are lower among the sample of children those are raised by alcoholic parents than those raised

Oregon State Printer Essay Example for Free

Oregon State Printer Essay The early history of the people who held the position of state printer reveals how closely tied the position was to the publication of newspapers. Asahel Bush (see photo) established the newspaper the Oregon Statesman, an important voice for the Democratic Party, in 1851 (Oregon Historical Society). He was named State Printer in 1859 (Morrison). Asahel Bush (1824-1913), first State Printer (Oregon Historical Society) Eugene Semple was the editor of the Oregon Herald from 1869-1873, and he assumed the position of State Printer in 1872 (Corning, p. 219). From 1894-1901 (at least), the State Printer was W. H. Leeds. Leeds founded the Tidings, a newspaper in Southern Oregon in 1878 and accepted the nomination for State Printer in 1894 (Larson). Others who held the position include Henry L. Pittock (1862), T. Patterson (1870), W. A. McPherson (1870), W. P. Keedy (1880), W. H. Byars (1885), Frank C. Baker (1893), and J. R. Whitney (1903). These names are found by perusing lists of works published by the State Printer, as these works bear the name of the printer in the bibliographic information. Oregon State Print Shop, 1890 Changes to the Position and its Oversight The 1857 Constitution calls for the State Printer to be an elected official, however this situation changed in 1913. In this year, the office of the State Printer became part of the Board of Control where it remained until the 1960s (DAS, p. 2). At this point, the State Printer was managed by the State Printing Board, a group comprised of Board of Control members (DAS, p. 2). The Printing Board was responsible for appointing the State Printer (DAS, p. 2). This is an important change in the position of State Printer, as previously this had been an elected position. In 1967, responsibilities for state printing were transferred to the Department of General Services (DAS, p. 5). From 1971 to 1973, there existed, as part of the Department of General Services, a Task Force on State Printing (DAS, p. 6). House Bill 2235 eliminated the position of State Printer and assigned the Oregon Department of Administrative Services to perform the duties of State Printer (House Bill 2235, 2001). The Department of Administrative Services was created in 1993 by combining the Department of General Services and the Executive Department (DAS, p. 1). Printing services are executed by the Procurement, Fleet, and Surplus Service Division of the DAS (DAS, p. 12). These numerous changes to the position and its oversight were discussed by the House Committee on E-Government in 2001. As Fariborz Pakseresht explained, mergers in the 1990s had essentially abolished the position of the State Printer (Minutes 2001). One problem with the position was the necessary experience, required by the Constitution. As State Printer Mike Freese asserted, the ten-year experience requirement for the position of State Printer was considered outdated (Minutes 2001). Additionally, Representative Lowe brought up economic and ecological issues when he questioned whether changes to the position would end up saving the state money and would be more ecological in reducing paper consumption (Minutes 2001). Despite all of these changes, in 2005, the position of State Printer still existed as Mike Freese is listed as State Printer in minutes from meetings in both 2001 and 2005 (Minutes, 2001 and 2005). Indeed, the 2008 version of the Oregon Constitution still provides for the position of State Printer: Laws may be enacted providing for the state printing and binding, and for the election or appointment of a state printer, who shall have had not less than ten years’ experience in the art of printing. The state printer shall receive such compensation as may from time to time be provided by law. Until such laws shall be enacted the state printer shall be elected, and the printing done as heretofore provided by this constitution and the general laws. (Oregon State Archives, 2008 Constitution). What is intriguing about the wording of this article from the Constitution is that it seems to be deliberately vague: the State Printer may be elected (as in the 1857 Constitution) or appointed (as it was since 1913). Furthermore, this article still calls for the ten-years mandatory experience in the field that Freese had questioned in 2001. Duties of the State Printer As noted in the Constitution of 1857, when the position was created, the State Printer is responsible for all public printing for the State of Oregon. According to House Bill 2235, priority is given to the publication of materials related to the work of the Legislative Assembly (including its officers and committees). In addition, the inaugural address of each new governor is required to be printed by the DAS. The Department of Agriculture may, but is not required to, use the DAS to publish reports and statistics. In accordance with House Bill 2235, any material that advertises or promotes products does not fall under the domain of this position (House Bill 2235, 2001). Another duty of the State Printer is revealed in House Bill 2235. This Bill reveals that the State Printer had previously held the task of printing the register of firearm ownership (House Bill 2235, 2001). This responsibility had been transferred to the State Police in 1991 (Senate Bill 32). The State Printer also published volumes containing biennial reports from the State Penitentiary, from 1868 to 1913 (Oregon State Archives, Department of Corrections). In House Bill 2235, the duties of the State Printer that the Department of Administrative Services is now responsible for include the following: control and manage all state printing, control all state printing purchases, determine and fix the price for all work done by those in this position, produce multiple copies of documents, purchase equipment for duplicating documents. Economic Issues As noted above, Representative Lowe had wondered in 2001 whether changes to the position of State Printer could save the state money. This seems to have been a concern for other government officials as economic concerns are frequently mentioned in debates about the position. In 1921, a law was enacted which allowed state offices outside of Marion County to do business with private enterprises that could underbid the State Printing Department (DAS, p. 3). It appears, however, that agencies had sought to do business with out-of-state companies. This ironic situation, with out-of-state businesses printing Oregon State documents, was addressed in 1931. In this year, this law was further amended with the provision that these outside contracts must be for businesses in Oregon unless the prices quoted by these businesses were â€Å"excessive and not reasonably competitive† (DAS, p. 3). House Bill 2235 still allows for some of the printing work to be contracted out to other businesses. This Bill reveals that state agencies are not required to use the services of the State Printer (or, in this case, the DAS) if they can demonstrate that the same quality work can be found for a lower cost (House Bill). This contingency is, as Mike Freese explained, a guard against individual agencies setting up small, inefficient printing shops (Minutes, 2001). The State Printer and Dissemination of Information In addition to fulfilling public printing for the state, the State Printer had other tasks that demonstrate how vital this position was to the dissemination of government documents and to making these documents available to the general public. In 1907, Senate Bill 136 was passed. This bill required the State Printer to deposit copies of state publications at the State Library (Wan). In the early history of the depository program, numerous copies of the documents were submitted – up to 50 copies of legislative bills and calendars, and 125 copies of legislative interim committee reports (Wan). However, in 1979, the number of copies that the State Printer was required to submit to the library was standardized. From this point, 45 copies were required to be sent to the State Library (Wan). In 1994, more changes were instituted to the depository program, led by members of the Documents Interest Group of Oregon (Wan). In 2001 (according to House Bill 2235), 45 copies were still required to be submitted to the State Library. Since July 2006, the Oregon State Electronic Depository has been in operation. This program aims to collect and archive electronic versions of state documents so that information that is held on the web does not get lost when pages are updated. Individual agencies are required to submit electronic copies of the appropriate documents to the Oregon State Library (Wan). However, agencies are still required to depose ten hard copies of each document (Wan). The publication of state documents is documented in the quarterly Checklist of Official Publications of the State of Oregon, published by the State Library beginning in the 1960s (Wan). This publication ended in 1979 and was replaced by a microfiche edition of the library’s catalogue (Wan). The microfiche catalogue, however, was short lived and stopped being produced in the 1980s (Wan). Through the interaction of the responsibilities of the State Printer with the library system, we can see how the tasks of the State Printer affected the general public. References 71st Oregon Legistlative Assembly. (2001). House Bill 2235. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://www. leg. state. or. us/01reg/measures/hb2200. dir/hb2235. intro. html. Corning, H. M. (1989). Dictionary of Oregon History. Portland: Binfords and Mort Publishing. Department of Administrative Services. (2003). Administrative Overview May 2003. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://arcweb. sos. state. or. us/recmgmt/sched/special/state/overview/20020011dasadov. pdf. House Committee on Advancing E-Government. (2001). Minutes. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://www. sos. state. or. us/archives/legislative/legislativeminutes/2001/house/advancing_egovernment/HAEG02_2. htm. House Committee on General Government. (2005). Minutes. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://arcweb. sos. state. or. us/legislative/legislativeminutes/2005/house/gengovernment/hgg0210. htm. Larson, T. (2006). W. H. Leeds. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://boards. ancestry. myfamily. com/surnames. leeds/212/mb. ashx. Morrison, S. B. (2005). Salem Online History – Asahel Bush. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://www. salemhistory. net/people/asahel_bush. htm. Oregon Historical Society. (2002). The Oregon History Project – Asahel Bush. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://www. ohs. org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument. cfm? doc_ID=7FB69DC4-1C23-B9D3-684905C8E0A57C86. Oregon State Archives. (2009). Crafting the Oregon Constitution: Transcribed 1857 Oregon Constitution, Article XII to Article XVI. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://arcweb. sos. state. or. us/exhibits/1857/learn/transcribed/trans9. htm. Oregon State Archives. (2009). Constitution of Oregon, 2008 Version: Articles XII through XVI. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://bluebook. state. or. us/state/constitution/constitution12-14. htm. Oregon State Archives. Department of Corrections Records Guide. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://arcweb. sos. state. or. us/state/odc/scope/scope. htm. Wan, J. (2007). History of the Oregon Document Depository Program. Retrieved May 31, 2009 from http://www. oregon. gov/OSL/GRES/ordochst. shtml.

3D Cone Beam Imaging in Dental Practices

3D Cone Beam Imaging in Dental Practices Abstract Cone Beam Imaging is increasingly being considered as an important source of three dimensional (3D) imaging in orthodontics ever since it was introduced back in 1998. This manuscript has been designed to highlight the applications of cone beam imaging, its background, efficiency and its scope over the years. Although its advantages are more over the routine radiography cases, and its ever increasing popularity, there are a few disadvantages that exist under the surface and this manuscript tends to explore that as well. Similarly, there are some dentists who use it frequently while some refuse to use it in the office. All such scenarios have been evaluated in this research manuscript. Keywords: radiography, orthodontics, cone beam CT, computed, tomography, dental practices, instrumentation 3D Cone Beam Imaging in Dental Practices For quite a while now, the use of advanced imaging for most dental practitioners has been limited due to the considerations of radiation doses, availability and cost. However, after the introduction of Cone Beam Imaging with the help of Computed Tomography, the opportunities for multi-planar imaging have made their way for applications in maxillofacial regions. Introduction to 3D Cone Beam Imaging Cone beam imaging is based on volumetric tomography, in which an extended two-dimensional digital array is used in combination with a three-dimensional x-ray beam and an area detector. The technology uses a single scan of 360 degrees in which the detector and x-ray source move around the head of the patient in a synchronization, which is fixed in a stable position with the help of a head holder. At specific intervals of degrees, basis images or the single projection images are acquired by the device. These basis images resemble the lateral cephalometric radiographic pictures, and the series of these images is termed as the projection data (Lofthag-Hansen, Thilander-Klang, Kerstin, 2011). Different software are then used to employ back-filtered projection to these images in order to generate a 3D set of volumetric data, which is then used to provide reconstruction images in the coronal, sagittal and axial planes (Noo, 2010). Although the principle of cone beam imaging has been into applications for the last two decades, the recent availability of powerful computers, high-quality detector systems and affordable x-ray tubes have given way to more commercial usage of this technology. Ever since the introduction of first cone beam imaging back in 2001 as NewTom QR DVT 9000 (Benavides, et al., 2012), a lot of systems have been introduced in the market. All of these systems can be categorized on the basis of their detection system. For maxillofacial applications, most of these units used a charge-coupled device and an image intensifier tube. Only recently, a flat panel imager was brought into applications which consisted of a scintillator made up of cesium iodide and an amorphous silicon thin film transistor (Shah, Mann, Tornai, Richmond, Zentai, 2014; Stratemann, Huang, Maki, Miller, Hatcher, 2014). These systems generated lesser noise and did not need the preprocessing for the reductions of geometric disto rtions present in the configuration of detectors. Applications of Cone Beam Imaging in Clinical Dental Practice Cone beam imaging technology is suitable for usage in clinical dental practice due to its size, unlike the conventional computed tomography scanners that are expensive and large to maintain and purchase (Poeschl, et al., 2013). In dental practices where space is at a premium, dose considerations and costs are taken under consideration and the scanning scope is limited to the head, cone beam imaging systems become quite popular. All cone beam imaging technology units provide sagittal, coronal and axial images, with basic enhancement options of magnification, zoom and visual adjustments, have the capability of cursor-driven measurement and annotation additions. Other enhancements include color ranges and contrast levels within the frame window. Values of cone beam imaging technology imaging in post-operative assessment of craniofacial fractures (Wortche, et al., 2014; Mischkowski, et al., 2014), TMJ assessments (Honda, et al., 2014; Tsiklakis, Syriopoulos, Stamatakis, 2014; Kijima, et al., 2014), surgical assessment of pathology and implant planning (Weitz, et al., 2011; Maret, et al., 2014; Liang, et al., 2010) have been evaluated into applications. Similarly, cone beam imaging technology has also been found into popular applications in the field of orthodontics for the assessment of development and growths (Stratemann S. , Huang, Maki, Hatcher, Miller, 2011), with popularity increasing evermore at the Wes t Coast of the United States. Advantages of Cone Beam Imaging Cone beam imaging technology is highly suitable for the craniofacial area as it provides clear images of bones and contrasted structures. There are a number of advantages for cone beam imaging technology over the conventional computed tomography which include: Limitation of X-Ray Beam With the reduction of the size of irradiated area to the area of interest by the collimation of primary x-ray beam, the amount of radiation dose is greatly reduced. Most units can be adjusted to scan the beam perfectly allowing the scan of entire craniofacial complex whenever necessary. Accuracy of Images In the conventional computed tomography, the voxels are rectangular and anisotropic, whereas the voxels in cone beam imaging are square and isotropic. This allows the units to produce high quality images varying from as high as 0.4mm down to as few as 0.125mm of resolution. Rapid Scan Time Since all the images are acquired within a single rotation, the scan time is rapid and comparable to the medical spiral systems ranging from 10 seconds to 70 seconds. The reduction in scan time also reduces the probability of motion artifacts (Suomalainen, Vehmas, Kortesniemi, Robinson, Peltola, 2014). Reduction in Doses Different reports indicate that the effective radiation dose is reduced greatly in conic beam imaging systems as compared to conventional computed tomographic systems. The average dosage of the conventional systems is reduced up to 98% in the cone beam imaging systems (Tyndall Kohltfarber, 2012; Pauwels, et al., 2012; Tyndall, et al., 2012). Reduced Image Artifacts Cone beam imaging technology images produce low image artifacts due to the suppressed algorithms and increased number of projections, especially in the reconstructions designed secondarily for observing teeth and jaws (Miles, 2013). Conclusion The rapid commercialization and development of cone beam imaging technology has undoubtedly increased the access of dental practitioners to 3D radiographic procedures dedicated to imaging the maxillofacial region in the clinical dental practice. Cone beam imaging technology imaging provides sub-millimeter, high quality images with spatial resolution and short scanning times ranging between ten seconds to a minute, defining it as a convenient source of diagnostic procedures. References Benavides, E., Rios, H. F., Ganz, S. D., An, C. H., Resnik, R., Reardon, G. T., Wang, H. L. (2012). Use of cone beam computed tomography in implant dentistry: the International Congress of Oral Implantologists consensus report. Implant dentistry, 78-86. Honda, K., Matumoto, K., Kashima, M., Takano, Y., Kawashima, S., Arai, Y. (2014). Single air contrast arthrography for temporomandibular joint disorder using limited cone beam computed tomography for dental use. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Kijima, N., Honda, K., Kuroki, Y., Sakabe, J., Ejima, K., Nakajima, I. (2014). Relationship between patient characteristics, mandibular head morphology and thickness of the roof of the glenoid fossa in symptomatic temporomandibular joints. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Liang, X., Jacobs, R., Hassan, B., Li, L., Pauwels, R., Corpas, L., Lambrichts, I. (2010). A comparative evaluation of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and multi-slice CT (MSCT): Part I. On subjective image quality. European journal of radiology, 2(75), 265-269. Lofthag-Hansen, S., Thilander-Klang, A., Grà ¶ndahl, K. (2011). Evaluation of subjective image quality in relation to diagnostic task for cone beam computed tomography with different fields of view.European journal of radiology,80(2), 483-488. Maret, D., Peters, O. A., Galibourg, A., Dumoncel, J., Esclassan, R., Kahn, J. L., Telmon, N. (2014). Comparison of the Accuracy of 3-dimensional Cone-beam Computed Tomography and Micro-Computed Tomography Reconstructions by Using Different Voxel Sizes. Journal of endodontics, 9(40), 1321-1326. Miles, D. A. (2013). Atlas of cone beam imaging for dental applications. Quintessence Pub. Mischkowski, R. A., Scherer, P., Ritter, L., Neugebauer, J., Keeve, E., Zoller, J. E. (2014). Diagnostic quality of multiplanar reformations obtained with a newly developed cone beam device for maxillofacial imaging. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Noo, F. (2010, March). X-ray cone-beam computed tomography: principles, applications, challenges and solutions. In APS March Meeting Abstracts , 1, 5003. Pauwels, R., Beinsberger, J., Collaert, B., Theodorakou, C., Rogers, J., Walker, A., Horner, K. (2012). Effective dose range for dental cone beam computed tomography scanners. European journal of radiology, 2(81), 267-271. Poeschl, P. W., Schmidt, N., Guevara-Rojas, G., Seemann, R., Ewers, R., Zipko, H. T., Schicho, K. (2013). Comparison of cone-beam and conventional multislice computed tomography for image-guided dental implant planning.Clinical oral investigations,17(1), 317-324. Shah, J., Mann, S. D., Tornai, M. P., Richmond, M., Zentai, G. (2014, March). MTF characterization in 2D and 3D for a high resolution, large field of view flat panel imager for cone beam CT. In SPIE Medical Imaging. Stratemann, S. A., Huang, J. C., Maki, K., Miller, A. J., Hatcher, D. C. (2014). Comparison of cone beam computed tomography imaging with physical measures. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Stratemann, S., Huang, J. C., Maki, K., Hatcher, D., Miller, A. J. (2011). Three-dimensional analysis of the airway with cone-beam computed tomography. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 5(140), 607-615. Suomalainen, A., Vehmas, T., Kortesniemi, M., Robinson, S., Peltola, J. (2014). Accuracy of linear measurements using dental cone beam and conventional multislice computed tomography. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Tsiklakis, K., Syriopoulos, K., Stamatakis, H. C. (2014). Radiographic examination of the temporomandibular joint using cone beam computed tomography. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. Tyndall, D. A., Price, J. B., Tetradis, S., Ganz, S. D., Hildebolt, C., Scarfe, W. C. (2012). Position statement of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology on selection criteria for the use of radiology in dental implantology with emphasis on cone beam computed tomography. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, 6(113), 817-826. Tyndall, D., Kohltfarber, H. (2012). Application of cone beam volumetric tomography in endodontics. Australian Dental Journal(57), 72-81. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01654.x Weitz, J., Deppe, H., Stopp, S., Lueth, T., Mueller, S., Hohlweg-Majert, B. (2011). Accuracy of templates for navigated implantation made by rapid prototyping with DICOM datasets of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Clinical Oral Investigations, 6(15), 1001-1006. Wortche, R., Hassfeld, S., Lux, C. J., Mussig, E., Hensley, F. W., Krempien, R., Hofele, C. (2014). Clinical application of cone beam digital volume tomography in children with cleft lip and palate. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology.

Oskar Kokoschka :: essays papers

Oskar Kokoschka Kokoschka was born in P^chlarn, a Danube town, on March 1, 1886. He studied at the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts from 1905 to 1908. As an early exponent of the avant-garde expressionist movement, he began to paint psychologically penetrating portraits of Viennese physicians, architects, and artists. Among these works are Hans Tietze and Erica Tietze-Conrat (1909, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), August Forel (1910, Mannheim Art Gallery, Germany), and Self-Portrait (1913, Museum of Modern Art). Kokoschka was wounded in World War I (1914-1918) and diagnosed as psychologically unstable. He taught art at the Dresden Academy from 1919 to 1924. During this time he painted The Power of Music (1919, Dresden Paintings Collection, Dresden). A succeeding seven-year period of travel in Europe and the Middle East resulted in a number of robust, brilliantly colored landscapes and figure pieces, painted with great freedom and exuberance. Many of them are views of harbors, mountains, and cities. Kokoschka, one of the artists denounced by the Nazi government of Germany as degenerate, moved in 1938 to England, where he painted antiwar pictures during World War II (1939-1945) and became a British subject in 1947. After the war he visited the United States and settled in Switzerland. He died in Montreux on February 22, 1980. Best known as a painter, Kokoschka was also a writer. His literary works include poetry and plays not translated into English and a collection of short stories, A Sea Ringed with Visions (1956; translated 1962). His father was a silversmith from Prague who experienced financial difficulties when the market for such handcrafted goods dried out with mass industrialization. Oskar^s exposure to his father^s craftsmanship, however, was said to play a large part in his art and enthusiasm for craftsmanship. In 1908, a book called The Dreaming Youths was published, and it featured illustrations by Kokoschka. They were done in a style that was indebted to Gustav Klimt, whose Secession group was going strong at the time. Kokoschka was teaching at the School of Arts and Crafts where he had studied himself under Franz Cizek. Cizek was among the first to recognize the young artist^s talents. In Vienna, Kokoschka wrote dramas such as The Assassin, Murderer, and The Hope of Women; and they, along with his art, were considered too radical for the aristocracy. Despite support from architect Adolf Loos and good reaction from his participation in the 1908 and 1909 exhibits at the Kunstschau, Vienna was not kind to Kokoschka. In 1910, he moved to Berlin. In Berlin, he got the help of Herwarth Walden, the founder and editor of the art

Government and Education: Partners or Competitors Essay

The United States government has been subsidizing education for decades in increasingly stronger ways. Today, government invests multi-billion dollar price tags in education on all levels. Secondary education is highly subsidized by government on a federal, state and local level. K-12 education has a hand in the subsidy game as well. There has been controversy regarding whether or not subsidizing secondary education is beneficial to the students, staff and institution. There are also those that say that government involvement with K-12 education can be more of a hindrance than effective assistance. Another hot topic regarding education subsidies is charter schools and what their impact is on public education, and whether or not the programs should be eligible for government subsidies as well. â€Å"The Higher Education Act of 1965 is the basis for many of today’s postsecondary education subsidies, including student loan and grant programs, college library aid, teacher training programs, and other subsidies†¦ Federal aid for higher education soared from $10 billion in fiscal 2000 to $30 billion in fiscal 2008. (McCluskey & Edwards, 2009) Education subsidies have given students that might not otherwise have been able to afford college the opportunity to attend. Grants are funds that do not have to be repaid. Loans are funds that must be repaid, after the student stops taking classes; and have very low interest rates. â€Å"The rise in student subsidies over the decades appears to have fueled inflation in education costs. Tuition and other college costs have soared as subsidies have risen. † (McCluskey & Edwards, 2009) The costs of college tuition and fees has risen dramatically over the years. The steep rise in costs directly correllates with the rise in subsidy funds. â€Å"Federal control over K-12 education has risen dramatically in recent decades. Congress has increased funding for the schools while imposing layers of rules and regulations on local school districts. † (McCluskey, K-12 Education Subsidies, 2009) The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) states that it is, â€Å"To close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind. † (Ed. ov, 2012) â€Å"Members of Congress and the Department of Education readily admit that the current NCLB requirements†¦ ask too much of students too quickly. Unfortunately, folks in Washington have neglected to make any changes and are moving forward with a flawed system that is setting up students, schools and states to fail. † (O’Connor, 2012) It is thought that the idea behind NCLB is a good one because it encourages schools and school districts to increase standards for education of all students. The program, however, seems to expect more of students than can be achieved in such short time frames. It is not always possible to take a failing group of students and transform them into high achievers in a one year span of time. (O’Connor, 2012) An additional aspect of education includes the charter school model. Charter schools were introduced originally to give parents and students a free alternative to public education. Charter schools are freed from the traditional bureaucracy and regulations that some feel divert a school’s energy and resources toward compliance rather than excellence. Proponents of charter schools argue that instead of jumping through procedural hoops and over paperwork hurdles, educators can focus on setting and reaching high academic standards for their students. † (Unknown) There are multiple sources for funding for Charter Schools according to the National Charter School Resource Center website. Not all forms of funding come from the government. There is private, foundation, state and federal funding opportunities for these charters. Most charter organizations boast high achievement of their students with staggering graduation statistics. These entities are concentrating on teaching children at their own speed and seem to be quite successful on a total scale. Overall, education subsidies are utilized for the positive assistance for students and institutions to enhance educational availability and experiences. The purpose of this government funding is to assist educational facilities with improvement and competitiveness with a global educational marketplace; as well as providing funding for students to pay tuition and fees. In elementary education, this assistance provides funding for school districts for each child in attendance. Although the details of this government funding may need some updating, the program is still quite necessary. There would be many students who could not attend school without government assistance; as well as schools that would surely close without government funding.